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1
Q

A (**) must be conducted to determine how the fire started. This is done once the fire is extinguished and before the property is turned back over to the owner.

A

preliminary investigation

2
Q

The (****) is responsible for conducting the preliminary investigation, as well as completing the NIFIRS documents or the local equivalent reports.

A

incident commander

3
Q

The first goal is to determine weather a formal fire investigation is needed. The (**) provides criteria for requesting and investigator.

A

authority having jurisdiction AHJ

4
Q

Any fire that results in a serious injury or fatality meets the criteria for a (***). Any fire that appears to be arson or related to a criminal act also meets the criteria.

A

formal investigation

5
Q

The legal responsibility for conducting fire investigations is defined by (***)

A

state legislation or regulations

6
Q

In situations where there is no formal investigation and a fire investigator does not respond to the scene to determine the cause and origin, the (***) is responsible for determining and reporting the fire cause.

A

incident commander

7
Q

The fire officer should be able to determine a (*****) and a cause, or probable cause, of most fires.

A

point of origin

8
Q

A qualified investigator has specialized training in determining the cause and origin of fires and, in most cases, is certified in accordance with (****)

A

NFPA 1033

9
Q

A fire investigators primary responsibility is to develop a properly (*****) to be forwarded to the prosecutor.

A

documented case

10
Q

It is a good practice to (***) whenever the facts do not seem to make sense or there is a compelling reason to know the exact cause of the fire.

A

request an investigator

11
Q

The (*****) is the exact physical location where a heat source and a fuel come in contact with each other.

A

point of origin

12
Q

The (*****) is usually determined by examination of fire damage and fire pattern evidence at the fire scene.

A

point of origin

13
Q

The investigator usually starts in the area where the (*****) and follows the patterns back toward the area of greatest fire damage.

A

least amount of damage

14
Q

Determining the Point OF Origin requires analysis of information from four sources:

A

1 the physical marks or fire patterns left by the fire
2 the observations reported by persons who witnessed the fire or are aware of conditions present at the time of the fire.
3 Analysis of physics and chemistry of fire initiation, development, and growth as an instrument to related known or hypothesized fire conditions …..
4 noting the location where electrical arching as caused damage, as well as the electric circuit involved.

15
Q

An (*****) is a luminous discharge of electricity from one object to another, typically leaving a blackening of objects in the immediate area.

A

electrical arc

16
Q

To determine the point of origin the fire officer must understand () and ().

A

fire growth

development

17
Q

Three methods of heat transfer.

A

conduction
convection
radiation

18
Q

THe fire follows the same growth pattern as the smoke and heat,(*****)

A

rising towards the ceiling, spreading out, and banking down

19
Q

If the fire does not have a fresh supply of oxygen, the fire slowly dies down to a (****), This may occur before or after flash over has occuried.

A

smoldering phase

20
Q

A flaming fire produces a plume of smoke, heat, and flame. As a fire burns up against a wall, it spreads up and out, creating a (**) pattern.

A

V or U shaped pattern

21
Q

THe origin of fire is typically at the base of thr (**) pattern

A

V or U shaped pattern

22
Q

V or U shaped patter this typeof pattern is aloso known as a (****) pattern becasuse it allows the fire officer to trace the fire and smoke patterns back to the orign.

A

movement

23
Q

THe (***0 pattern indicates how much heat (energy) was transferred tot he surrounding area and objects.

A

intensity pattern

24
Q

the (****) is indicated by the response of various matterials to the fires rate of heat release and heat flux.

A

intensity

25
Q

The intensity may produce a (**), which can indicate the closets point to where the greatest amount of heat was produced.

A

line of demarcation

26
Q

THe analysis of (**) is closely related to the fire intensity pattern.

A

char

27
Q

(****) is the blackened remains of carbon based materials after it has been burned.

A

char

28
Q

the depth of (*****) can assist in determining the direction of fire spread.

A

char

29
Q

generally the deeper the (**) the longer the fire burned and therefore the closer to the area of orgin.

A

char

30
Q

Depth of char can be influenced by several factors, including () anf the (), so deep chaiing can occur in locations that are remote from the area of origin.

A

different types of wood

fires intensity

31
Q

THe (*****) refers to the particulars set of circumstances and factors that were necessary for the fire to have occurred.

A

cause

32
Q

the casus determination can be approached in three steps process.

A

The firest step is to determine the source of ignition

THe second step is to determine the fuel that was first ignited

The third step is to determine the circumstances or human actions that allowed the ignition source and the fuel to come together resulting in fire

33
Q

(***) provides a systematic and scientific process. It is not sufficient to identify and focus of the possible cause that fits the circumstance that ewere noted. the fire officer or fire investigator must eliminateany alternative theriores or explinations.

A

nfpa 921

34
Q

After all investigative possibilities have been exhausted, if there is still more than two potential causes, the cause of the fire is considered (**)

A

undetermined

35
Q

The (****) is the energy source that caused the material to ignite.

A

source of ignition

36
Q

The source of ignition must have been located at or near the (***)

A

point of origin

37
Q

If the equipment that provided the source of ignition was a cigarette lighter, for example, the form of the heat of ignition would be an (****)

A

open flame

38
Q

A competent ignition source has three components:

A

1 generation

  1. transmission
  2. heating
39
Q

(***) The ignition source must produce sufficient heat energy to raise the fuel to its ignition temperature.

A

generation

40
Q

(*******) Sufficent heat energy must be transmitted from the source to the fuel to raise the fuel to its ignition temperature.

A

transmission

41
Q

Heat can be transferred through (*****)

A

conduction convection or radiation

42
Q

(****) THe heat transfer from the source to the fuel continue long enough for the fuel to be heated to its ignition temperature.

A

heating

43
Q

The (****) first ignited refers to the nature of the material itself.

A

type of material

44
Q

The (***) tells how the material is used

A

form of material

45
Q

The third important factor in determining the cause of a fire is the (***) that brought together the source of ignition an fuel

A

sequence of events

46
Q

(***) is a logical, systematic examination of an item, component, assembly, or structure and its place or function within a system, conducted in order to identify and analyzie the probability, causes, and consequences of potential and real failures.

A

Failure analysis

47
Q

If the cause of the fire is determined to be related to some malfunction that occurred within a device or system, (****) is preformed to identify what happened and why.

A

failure analysis

48
Q

the (****) could identify a design error, malfunctioning component, inadequate maitinance, operator error, or some other factor.

A

failure analysis

49
Q

(***) is the scientific process of examining a fire occurance to determine all the relevant facts, including the origin, cause, and subsequent development of fire, as well as determining the responsibility for what ever occurred.

A

Fire Analysis

50
Q

The presence of (****) means that further investigation is required for the actual facts to be determined.

A

conflicting information

51
Q

(**) questions allow witnesses to tell what they saw or know.

A

open ended

52
Q

Questions that seek a (****) answer limit the exchange of information.

A

yes or no

53
Q

(***) interviews are typically conducted at the fire sene.

A

cause and origin

54
Q

A special type of interview called an (***), is used when and individual who is attempting to conceal information is being questioned.

A

interrogation

55
Q

(**) of NFPA 921, provides a standardized procedure to conduct a vehical fire investigation.

A

chapter 25

56
Q

According to the US Fire Administration (*****) percent of vehicle fires aree caused by mechanical failure or malfunction.

A

47

57
Q

Once the point of origin has been established, the (****) must still be determined.

A

specific cause.

58
Q

According to the National Interagency Fire Center, there were an average of (**) wildland fires, consuming 6.3 million acres a years , between 1999 and 2008.

A

69000

59
Q

Wildland fires tend to spread (**) through convection, from lower vegetation to taller, and (***) through radiation.

A

vertically

horizontally

60
Q

When a fire burn pattern on the side of a hill is investigated, the point of origin is most likely on the (***) part of the slope, but not necessarily at the lowest poin.

A

lower

61
Q

When a tree burns and falls, the remaining trunk is usually burned at an angle, creating a point. the point is generally on the side of the stump (*******) the direction of fir approach.

A

oppisite

62
Q

(***) glassy root like residue resulting from lightning strikes.

A

Fulgurites

63
Q

Once the facts are known, the circumstances of the fire are generally divided into four classifications according to NFPA 921:

A

1 accidental fire cause
2 Natural fire cause
3 Incendiary fire cause
4 Undetermined fire cause

64
Q

(***) All of those fires for which the proven cause does not involve a deliberate human act to ignite a fire or spread fire into an area where it should not grow.

A

Accidental fire cause

65
Q

(***0 Fires caused by lightning, earthquakes, wind and other natural forces without human intervention.

A

Natural fire cause

66
Q

(*******) Any fire that is deliberately ignited under circumstances in which the person knowns that the fire should not be ignited.

A

Incendiary fire cause

67
Q

(**) Any fire in which the cause can not be proved is classified as undertermined. The fire may still be under investigation.

A

Undetermined fire cause.

68
Q

THe most frequent ingnition cause in residential fifers is (***)

A

unattended cookking

69
Q

(**) is the third major cause of residential fires, with the two primary ignition causes beingimproper maintenance and combustibles located too close to the heating device.

A

heating

70
Q

When wood is contiuosy subject to a moderate level of heat, below its normal ignition temperature, over a long period, it starts to break down into carbon. This chemical decomposition is called (***), results in a gradual loewering of the ignition temperature of the wood until auto ignition occurs.

A

pyrolysis

71
Q

(***) should be considered if the area includes steam pipes, fluorescent light ballasts, flue pipes for a fire place, or a wood burning stove.

A

Pyrolysis

72
Q

The most common electrical fire scenario is (****), such as overloading the electrical circuts, using light weight extension cords for major appliances, or operating to many appliances for the electrical service.

A

missuse by the occupant

73
Q

When lightning is suspected, the fire officer should look for a (**) , usually near the top of the structure, concentrating on the roof peaks with metal edging, antenans, or large metal objects such as air handling units.

A

contact point

74
Q

Because an incendiary fire is an intentional occurance, the direct cause is a (***); however, the methods and the reasons for strating fires vary tremendously.

A

person

75
Q

An (***) fire is on that is intentionally started when the person knows it should not be started.

A

incendiary

76
Q

(****) is the crime of maliscously and intentionally or recklessly starting a fire or causing an explosion

A

arso

77
Q

A (**) or grand jury decides whether it will result in an arson charge.

A

prosecuting attorney

78
Q

The absence of any logical cause is another reson for classifying the cause of a fire as (***)

A

undetermined

79
Q

the fire officer needs to eliminate both (**) and (*) causes before making a determination of an incendiary cause.

A

accidental

natural

80
Q

Failure to eliminate accidental or natural causes makes it impossible to prove a (***)

A

incidiary cause

81
Q

Once the other causes have been eliminated, there are many conditions or factors that may indicate an intentional fire. These typically fall under five five general categories:

A
  1. diabled built in fire protection
  2. delayed notification and or difficulty getting to the fire
  3. Accelerats and trailers
  4. multiple points of origin
  5. tampered or altered equipment
82
Q

In an urban environment, an interior fire could have been burning for (****) minutes before a passerby observed flames coming from a window.

A

20 to 25 minutes

83
Q

(*****) are agents used to initiate a fire or increase the rate of fire growth.

A

accelerants

84
Q

(****) are materials used to spread a fire from one area of a structure to another, causing a fire to grow more quickly.

A

trailers

85
Q

(****) usually leave a distinct fire pattern that resembles the material shape and often runs from one room to the next.

A

trailers

86
Q

(****) typically have irregular egdes and areas that are burned where the liquid pools because of low spots.

A

liquids

87
Q

Multiple points of origin occur when an (*****) cuses ignitions at different locaitons in a buildings electrical system.

A

electrical surge

88
Q

A professional arsonist will try to make the fire appear (*****).

A

accidental

89
Q

(****) is the flammable liquid of choice for most ammature arsonost

A

gasoline

90
Q

(**) is the crime of intentionally and malisciously, or recklessly starting a fire or casuing an explosion.

A

arson

91
Q

National statistics indicate that (***) fires is of incendiary orign.

A

one of every four

92
Q

Arson consistently had the highest rate of (***) when compared with all other FBI index of the most serious felonies.

A

juvenile involvement

93
Q

Theere are six basic motives for arson:

A
  1. Profit
  2. Crime concealment
  3. Excitement
  4. Spite revenge
  5. Extremisim
  6. Vandalisim
94
Q

Indicators of (*****) include inability to meet payments, failure to complete business contracts, poor sales volume, lack of supplies and inventory.

A

insurance fraud

95
Q

THe motive for (*****) is simply to cause damage for its own sake.

A

vandalisim

96
Q

IN (***) the supreme court held: “ fire oflficals are charged not only with extinguishing fires, but finding there cause. ………

A

Michigan V. Tyler (1978)

97
Q

THe fire officer must take care to avoid an unlawful search and seizure, which is prohibited by the (*****)

A

Fouth amendment of the US constitution

98
Q

Typically no search warrant is needed when the fire department remains on scenec for a reasonable length of time to determine the cause of the fire and as long as the evidence is in plain view of the investigator, This principale has been reaffiremed by the US Supreme Court in (***)

A

Michigan V. Clifford

99
Q

Because determining the cause and origin of a fire serves a complelling public intrest, the (****) does not apply to such cases.

A

warrant requirement.

100
Q

Under (****) the court held that as fire fighters remove rubble or search other ares where the cause of the fire is likely to be found, an object that comes into view during such process may be preserved.

A

Michigan V. Clifford

101
Q

Afetr the cause and origin have both been determined a ((***) is required for any further search.

A

search warrant or consent

102
Q

(**) No search warrant is need when fighting a fire or remaining on scene for a reasonable period of time to determine the cause the cause of the fire and any evidence is admissible under the plain view doctrine.

A

Michigan V. Tyler

103
Q

(****)are needed for re entry that is not a continuation of a valid search when the perpose is to determine the cause of the fire.

A

Administrative search warrants

Michigan V Tyler

104
Q

A (*******) is need when re entry is not a continuation for a valid search and the purpose is to gain evidence for prosecutuion.

A

criminal search warrant

MIcigan V. Tyler

105
Q

A fire officer who conducts a preliminary fire cause investigation and suspects that a crime has occurred should immediately request the response of a (**)

A

fire investigator

106
Q

THe fire officer must ensure that the fire department personnel maintain (**) until the investigator arrives.

A

custody of the scene

107
Q

Posing a guard preserves the (**) over the scene and any evidence that is present until the fire investigator arrives. Fiailure to do so may require the fire department to get a (*) to return to the fire scene.

A

chain of custody

warrant

108
Q

To secuere and protect smaller areas of evidence, the fire officer may decide to cover them with a (***)

A

plastic sheet or tarp

109
Q

(***) includes material objects as well as documentary or oral statements that are admissible as testimony in a court of law.

A

evidence

110
Q

(****) proves or disproves a fact or issue.

A

evidence

111
Q

THe fire officer must consider three types of evidence.

A
  1. Demonstartive evidence
  2. Documentary evidenc
  3. Testimonal evidence
112
Q

(***) Tangible items that can be identified by witnesses, such as incidiary devices and fire scene debris.

A

Demonstrative evidence

113
Q

(*****) Evidence in written form, such as reports, pfotographs, sketches, and witness statements.

A

Documentary evidence

114
Q

(**) Witness speaking under oath.

A

Testimonal evidence

115
Q

(***) in the context of fire evidence, could include the remains of the material first ignited, the ignition source, or other items and components that are in some way related to the fire ignition, development, or pread.

A

artifacts

116
Q

An (**) can also be an item on which fire patterns are present, in which case preservation of the artifacts is not for the item itself but for the fire pattern that appears on the item.

A

artifact

117
Q

Because fire follows the (**) an analysis of how the fire spreads assists in determining where it originated and whether the cause was accidental or intentional.

A

rules of science

118
Q

(**) is the process of recreating the physical scene before the fire occurred, either physically or theoretically.

A

Fire scene reconstruction

119
Q

The (*****) requires that evidence remains secured and documented, form the fire scene to the courtroom.

A

chain of evidence

120
Q

Most fire investigators document all physical evidence before collecting it by taking (*******)

A

high resolution photographs

121
Q

The role of an (****) is to assist the judge and jurors to understand the evidence or to determine the true facts in an issue.

A

expert wittness

122
Q

Most fire departments use the (****) reporting system or a variation of it.

A

NIFRS

123
Q

Aloth a criminal prscecution requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt, a civil action involving the insurance company is decided by a (**)

A

prpoderance of the evidence

124
Q

Determinig the intial origin and cause of fires is the responsibility of the (***)

A

company officer.