First Aid Cardio

Question 0

What structure gives rise to smooth muscle parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles?

Answer 0

Bulbus cordis

Question 1

What structure gives rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 1

Truncus arteriosus

Question 2

What structure gives rise to trabeculated part of left and right atria?

Answer 2

Primitive atria

Question 3

What structure gives rise to trabeculated part of left and right ventricles?

Answer 3

Primitive ventricle

Question 4

What structure gives rise to the smooth part of the left atrium?

Answer 4

Primitive pulmonary vein

Question 5

What structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?

Answer 5

Left horn of sinus venous (SV)

Question 6

What structure gives rise to the smooth part of right atrium?

Answer 6

Right horn of Sinus venosus

Question 7

What structure gives rise to the Superior Vena Cava (SVC)?

Answer 7

Right common Cardinal vein, and right anterior Cardinal vein.

Question 8

Primary heart tube loops to establish left-right polarity; begins in week 4 of gestation. Defect in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to what? As seen in Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia).

Answer 8

Dextrocardia

Question 9

Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 3-8 Weeks

Answer 9

Yolk Sac

Question 10

Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 6 Weeks - Birth

Answer 10

Liver

Question 11

Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 10-28 Weeks

Answer 11

Spleen

Question 12

Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in where during this stage of development: 18 weeks - adult

Answer 12

Bone Marrow

Question 13

Important fetal shunts: Blood entering the fetus through the umbilical vein is conducted via the ______ into the IVC to bypass the hepatic circulation.

Answer 13

Ductus venosus

Question 14

Important fetal shunts: Most highly oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through the _____, and pumped out the aorta to the head and body.

Answer 14

Foramen ovale

Question 15

Where do most Ventricular Septal Defects occur? What occurs as a result of this defect? (Give 2 answers)

Answer 15

VSD most commonly occurs in the membranous septum. Defects: acyanotic at birth due to left-to-right shunt.

Question 16

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Umbilical vein

What structure is formed?

Answer 16

Ligamentum teres hepatis (contained in falciform ligament).

Question 17

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Umbilical arteries

What structure is formed?

Answer 17

Medial umbilical ligaments

Question 18

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Ductus arteriosus

What structure is formed?

Answer 18

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 19

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Ductus venosus

What structure is formed?

Answer 19

Ligamentum venosum

Question 20

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Foramen ovale

What structure is formed?

Answer 20

Fossa ovalis

Question 21

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Allantois

What structure is formed?

Answer 21

Urachus-median umbilical ligament

The urachus is the part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus. Urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant.

Question 22

Fetal-postnatal derivatives: Notochord

What structure is formed?

Answer 22

Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

Question 23

SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by what vessel? Infarct may cause nodal dysfunction (bradycardia or heart block).

Answer 23

Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

Question 24

This vessel supplies the anterior 2/3s of the interventricular septum, anterolateral papillary muscle, and anterior surface of left ventricle. Name that vessel:

Answer 24

Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)

Question 25

This vessel supplies the lateral and posterior walls of left ventricle, antes lateral papillary muscle. Name that vessel:

Answer 25

Left circumflex coronary artery (LCX)

Question 26

Cardiac Output (CO) = ?

Answer 26

Stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR).

Question 26

This vessel supplies posterior 1/3 of intervenous ulnar septum, posterior walls of ventricles, and posteromedial papillary muscle. Name the vessel:

Answer 26

Posterior descending/ interventricular artery (PDA)

Question 28

Fick's principle=

Answer 28

Rate of O2 consumption/ (arterial O2 content-venous O2 content)

Question 29

Right (acute) marginal artery supplies what?

Answer 29

Right ventricle

Question 30

What is the cause of the following? Aortic stenosis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, and advanced heart failure.

Answer 30

Decreased pulse pressure

Question 31

1. Mean Arterial pressure (MAP)=?

Answer 31

CO x TPR

Question 32

2. Mean Arterial pressure=?

Answer 32

2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

Question 33

Pulse pressure=?

Answer 33

Systolic pressure-diastolic pressure Pulse pressure is proportional to SV, inversely proportional to arterial compliance.

Question 34

Stroke volume=?

Answer 34

EDV-ESV. --> end diastolic volume - end systolic v.

Question 35

Ejection fraction (EF)= ?

Answer 35

SV/EDV = (EDV-ESV/EDV) EF decrease in systolic heart failure; EF is normal in diastolic heart failure

Question 36

What type of sounds describe the following: aortic/pulmonic regurgitation, mitral/tricuspid stenosis.

Answer 36

Diastolic heart sounds

Question 37

What is the cause of the following? Aortic regurgitation, hyperthyroidism, arteriosclerosis, obstructive sleep apnea (increased sympathetic tone), exercise (transient).

Answer 37

Increase in pulse pressure

Question 38

Starling curve: what occurs in the presence of catecholamines or digoxin?

Answer 38

Increase in contractility Thus increase in CO or venous return

Question 39

Starling curve: what occurs in the presence of beta-blockers, MI (loss of myocardium), calcium channel blockers, or dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 39

Decrease in contractility

Question 40

In an EKG, what does a P wave represent?

Answer 40

Atrial depolarization.

Question 41

In an EKG, what does a PR interval represent?

Answer 41

Conduction delay through AV node (normally

Question 42

In an EKG, what does a QRS represent?

Answer 42

Ventricular depolarization (normally

Question 43

In an EKG, what does a QT segment represent?

Answer 43

Mechanical contraction of the ventricles.

Question 44

In an EKG, what does a T wave represent?

Answer 44

Ventricular repolarization. T-wave inversion may indicate recent MI.

Question 45

In an EKG, what does an ST segment represent?

Answer 45

Isoelectric, ventricles depolarized.

Question 46

In an EKG, what does a U wave represent?

Answer 46

Caused by hypokalemia, bradycardia.

Question 47

Most common type of ventricular pre-excitation syndrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atresia to ventricle (bundle of Kent) bypasses the rate-slowing AV node. As a result, ventricles begin to partially depolarize earlier, giving rise to characteristic delta wave with shortened PR interval on ECG. May result in reentry circuit --> supraventricular tachycardia.

Answer 47

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

Question 48

What type of sounds describe the following: aortic/pulmonic stenosis, mitral/tricuspid regurgitation, ventricular septal defect.

Answer 48

Systolic heart sounds

Question 49

Chemoreceptors regulate BP. The ones located in the aorta transmit via what nerve? And where does this nerve send the message to?

Answer 49

Aorta to Vagus nerve. | Vagus nerve to solitary nucleus of medulla.

Question 50

Chemoreceptors regulate BP. The ones located on the carotid bodies (carotid bodies) transmit via what nerve? And where does this nerve send the message to?

Answer 50

Transmit via glossopharyngeal nerve to solitary nucleus of medulla.

Question 51

At what gestational age does a human heart start beating?

Answer 51

At 4 weeks of development

Question 52

A defect in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to what? Associated to Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)...

Answer 52

Dextrocardia