Flight

Question 1

How is lift created

Answer 1

Air flowing around the wing creates low pressure on the upper surface. This sucks the wing upwards generating lift

Question 2

What is drag

Answer 2

Force exerted on an object moving through a fluid

Question 3

Which way is drag orientated

Answer 3

Direction of fluid flow

Question 4

How is drag minimised

Answer 4

Streamlining

Question 5

What is thrust

Answer 5

Force induced in the direction of flight, opposing the drag force

Question 6

How is thrust created

Answer 6

Wing flapping

Question 7

Why are large flight muscles needed

Answer 7

To create thrust to overcome the drag force - this is done by the flapping of wings

Question 8

What four groups has flight evolved in

Answer 8

Insects
Pterosaurs
Birds
Bats

Question 9

What structures are the wings of birds and bats

Answer 9

Analogous

Question 10

Why are bird and bat wings analogous

Answer 10

Evolved through convergent evolution

Question 11

What is convergent evolution

Answer 11

Process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of adapting to similar environments or niches

Question 12

Explain the ground up scenario

Answer 12

Walking animals evolved to fly

Question 13

Trees down scenario

Answer 13

Walking animals could climb trees
Jumped from tree to tree
Evolved to fly instead

Question 14

Why did flight evolve

Answer 14

Avoid predators
Eat flying prey
Move between places 
Access to new niches
Hind legs used as weapons

Question 15

What implies that flight is advantageous

Answer 15

Diversity of insects birds and bats that use it

Question 16

How did the pterosauria evolve to fly

Answer 16

Ground up

Question 17

When did the pterosauria live

Answer 17

200-65 MYA

Question 18

Describe the anatomy of the pterosauria

Answer 18

Keeled sternum
Preroid bone
Wing supported by elongated 4th digit

Question 19

Describe the anatomy of pteranodon ingens

Answer 19

7k wingspans
Wing bones thick but hollow
Large brain and optic nerves
Large crested head
Comparatively small body
12kg

Question 20

How did the pteranodon ingens fly

Answer 20

By soaring

Question 21

What modern day bird is the pteranodon ingens related to

Answer 21

The pelican

Question 22

What did the pteranodon ingens use it’s beak for

Answer 22

Scooping fish

Question 23

How did flight in aves evolve

Answer 23

Ground up

Question 24

Similarities between aves and pterosaurs

Answer 24

Hollow bones
Stout humerus
Keeled sternum

Question 25

Differences between aves and pterosaurs

Answer 25

Bird wing supported by radius Ulna Modified wrist bones

Question 26

What are the modified wrist bones in birdrs called

Answer 26

Carpometacarpus

Question 27

Describe the avian skeleton

Answer 27

``` Keeled sternum Unicinate processes on ribs Bones of pelvis fused Limbs moved by muscles near centre of body Beak and gizzard Tail vertebrate reduced ```

Question 28

Describe the structure of flight feathers in aves

Answer 28

Stiff Flint Interlinked by barbules to form an efficient areofoil

Question 29

Why are flight feathers of aves interlinked by barbules

Answer 29

To form an efficient aerofoil

Question 30

What’s the oldest bat fossil

Answer 30

Eocene

Question 31

How old is the oldest bat fossil

Answer 31

55 MYA

Question 32

How did flight in bats evolve

Answer 32

Tree down

Question 33

What are bats related to

Answer 33

Dermoptera (flying lemurs)

Question 34

What do bats have a close affinity with

Answer 34

Primates

Question 35

What are Chiroptera

Answer 35

Bats

Question 36

Describe the anatomy of a Chiroptera

Answer 36

Membranous wing supported by the arm and digits 2-5 Keeled sternum - fused clavicles, scapula and sternum Calamari which supports the uropatagium from the heel

Question 37

Why do bats have high camber

Answer 37

To generate lift

Question 38

Why do bats have low stall speed and high manoeuvrability

Answer 38

Due to high camber and low wing loading

Question 39

What is wing | loading

Answer 39

Mass/area of wing

Question 40

How much do bats weigh

Answer 40

5-10g

Question 41

Disadvantages of flight

Answer 41

Costs lots of energy | Constrains body size and morphology

Question 42

What struthiformes

Answer 42

Ostrich emus etc

Question 43

What are the 4 convergent adaptations obtained by pterosaurs birds and bats

Answer 43

Arefoil Light body weight Keeled sternum Reduction/fusion of bones

Question 44

What are the wings of bats homologous to

Answer 44

Human arms

Question 45

What is the pendactyl limb inherited from

Answer 45

Common ancestor of all tetrapods

Question 46

Pterosaur bird and bat wings are analogous as wings but homologous as

Answer 46

Forelimbs

Question 47

Which forces need to be overcome to achieve flight

Answer 47

Drag and weight