Flow and Constituents

Question 1

what type of saliva does the parotid gland produce?

Answer 1

99% serous

Question 2

what type of saliva does the submandibular gland produce?

Answer 2

80% serous
20% mucous

Question 3

what type of saliva does the sublingual gland produce?

Answer 3

mucous

Question 4

what type of saliva do minor glands produce?

Answer 4

mucous EXCEPT minor serous glands of Von Ebner

Question 5

how much saliva do we produce a day?

Answer 5

500-1000ml/day

Question 6

how much saliva is produced per day for major and minor glands?

Answer 6

90% major
10% minor

Question 7

rate of saliva produced at rest?

Answer 7

0.3-0.5ml/min

Question 8

rate of saliva produced stimulated?

Answer 8

2-4 ml/min

Question 9

what are the ratios of saliva produced from the different glands at rest?

Answer 9

10% parotid
70% submandibular
10% sublingual
10% minor

Question 10

what are the ratios of saliva produced from the different glands when stimulated?

Answer 10

60% parotid
30% submandibular
5% sublingual
5% minor

Question 11

explain the masticatory salivary reflex on ipsilateral gland when chewing

Answer 11

When you chew ipsilateral to the gland the flow increases then drops but remains elevated over the peristimulus level - big increase in saliva

Question 12

describe the masticatory salivary reflex on the contralateral gland to chewing?

Answer 12

slight increase but not as much as ipsilateral

Question 13

what stimulates the gustatory salivary reflex?

Answer 13

citric acid

Question 14

where does the olfactory salivary reflex exist?

Answer 14

submandibular
NOT parotid

Question 15

what are factors that increase salivary flow?

Answer 15

presence of food in mouth
smell of food (subman)
increases up to the age of 15

Question 16

what are factors that decrease salivary flow?

Answer 16

at night
dehydration

Question 17

what is xerostomia?

Answer 17

lack of saliva
when unstimulated, saliva is <50% than normal

Question 18

what problems are associated with xerostomia?

Answer 18

caries
mucosal infection (esp fungal)
difficulty swallowing, chewing, speaking
impaired taste

Question 19

how much water is in saliva?

Answer 19

99%

Question 20

what inorganic constituents/electrolytes are in saliva?

Answer 20

cations and anions

Question 21

what cations are in saliva?

Answer 21

Na
K
Ca
Mg

Question 22

what anions are in saliva?

Answer 22

chloride
bicarbonate
phosphate
thiocyanate
sulphate
fluoride
iodide
hydroxyl

Question 23

what anion is responsible for salivas buffering capacity?

Answer 23

bicarbonate
phosphate

Question 24

what is the role of bicarbonate in saliva?

Answer 24

buffering
- minimises the drop in pH after sugar/ acid consumption
- minimises demineralisation

Question 25

what is saliva supersaturated with?

Answer 25

Ca2+ and PO43-

Question 26

what are the organic components of saliva?

Answer 26

carbohydrates blood group substances proteins glucose lipids ammonia amino acids urea

Question 27

what proteins are in saliva?

Answer 27

serum albumin gamma globulins fibronectin mucoproteins amylase carbonic anhydrase lingual lipase lactoferrin PRPs statherins histatins cystatins

Question 28

role of salivary amylase?

Answer 28

stage 1 of carbohydrate digestion converts polysaccharides (starch) into disaccharides (maltose)

Question 29

what saliva protein in inactive in the stomach?

Answer 29

salivary amylase

Question 30

what glands produce salivary lipase?

Answer 30

minor serous glands of von ebner

Question 31

what is the role of salivary lipase?

Answer 31

stage 1 in fat digestion clean tastebuds by removing fat deposits

Question 32

structure of mucous glycoproteins?

Answer 32

peptide core oligosaccharide chains

Question 33

role of mucous glycoproteins?

Answer 33

lubricate coat all oral soft tissues prevent drying provide barrier important part of pellicle

Question 34

role of statherin?

Answer 34

prevent precipitation of Ca2+ and PO43- prevent calculus formation present mineralisation of salivary glands

Question 35

describe the antimicrobial action of saliva?

Answer 35

non-specific (non-immunoglobulin)

Question 36

what is the role of water in saliva?

Answer 36

cleansing

Question 37

what is the role of mucins in saliva?

Answer 37

aggregate bacteria

Question 38

what is the role of amylase in saliva?

Answer 38

interferes with bacterial adherence

Question 39

what is the role of lysosome in saliva?

Answer 39

hydrolyses some bacterial cell walls

Question 40

what is the role of peroxidase/ thiocyanate?

Answer 40

poisons bacteria

Question 41

what is the role of lactoferrin in saliva?

Answer 41

deprives bacteria of iron

Question 42

what is the role of histatins in saliva?

Answer 42

antifungal and antibacterial

Question 43

what is the role of cystatins in saliva?

Answer 43

inhibit tissue damaging bacterial enzymes