Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards
why is it important to MANAGE FLUID & ELECTROLYTES?
- provides PROPER TRANSPORTATION of NUTRIENTS TO CELLS and REMOVAL OF WASTE PRODUCTS AWAY FROM CELLS
- affects many DISEASE PROCESSES, TISSUE INJURIES, and SURGICAL PROCEDURES
- affects a VERY BROAD SCOPE
what is our TOTAL BODY WATER CONTENT composed of? (4)
- INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
- EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
- INTERSTITIAL FLUID (ISF)
- INTRAVASCULAR FLUID (IVF)
intracellular fluid
fluid INSIDE the cell
- contains SOLUTES (ex. electrolytes, glucose)
extracellular fluid
fluid that is OUTSIDE of the cell
- helps to transport nutrients & waste products
interstitial fluid
surrounds the CELLS & TISSUES
- broken down into TRANSCELLULAR FLUID (seen in synovial, cerebrospinal, pleural cavities)
intravascular fluid
the BLOOD PLASMA
- fluid inside the BLOOD VESSELS
how much of the adult human body weight is composed of water?
60%
what are the MOVEMENT PROCESSES of fluids & electrolytes? (4)
- DIFFUSION
- FILTRATION
- ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- OSMOSIS
electrolytes
an ELEMENT or COMPOUND that - once DISSOLVED IN FLUID; will break up into ION (either + or - )
which electrolytes are mainly found in the INTRACELLULAR vs. EXTRACELLULAR fluid?
INTRACELLULAR FLUID;
- potassium *main electrolyte
- magnesium
- phosphate
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID;
- sodium
what is OSMOTIC PRESSURE?
the pressure that allows to PULL FLUID from one compartment to another
- allows to ATTRACT SOLUTES/ELECTROLYTES
describe the ELECTROLYTES in the ICF
have to monitor SODIUM (Na) & POTASSIUM (K+) LEVELS
- POTASSIUM **main electrolyte within ICF
- SODIUM **main electrolyte in the ECF, low conc. in ICF
both have an important relationship for FLUID BALANCE
**where sodium goes, often water follows
Na > cell > water pulled INTO CELL (osmotic pressure > cell SWELLS (vice versa)
homeostasis
the body’s state of STABILITY and internal balance within the body
dehydration
defined as the DISTURBANCE within the BALANCE between amt. of fluids between ICF & ECF
- decrease in TOTAL BODY WATER (TBW)
- decrease/imbalance of ELECTROLYTES *Na, K, Cl due to DECREASE IN TBW
what can CAUSE dehydration? (5)
- decreased intake
- increased output (ex. diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding)
- FLUID SHIFT (ex. accumulation of fluid change within diff. compartments–ascites, burns, sepsis)
- DECREASE in TBW
- HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
what are some CUES that the patient is DEHYDRATED?
- TACHYCARDIA
- HYPOTENSION
- fever
- vomiting/diarrhea
- OILGURIA
- reduced secretions
- DRY SKIN/MM
what are the TYPES OF DEHYDRATION?
- HYPERTONIC
- HYPOTONIC
- ISOTONIC
hypertonic dehydration
- have H2O LOSS > Na LOSS
- fluid goes OUT to the ECF; cell dehydration
- SHRINKING of the cell
cause;
- ELEVATED TEMP in perspiration
hypotonic dehydration
- Na LOSS > H2O LOSS
- solute is HIGHER inside the cell; fluid is PULLED IN
- SWELLING of the cell
cause;
- RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
- INADEQUATE ALDOSTERONE secretion
isotonic dehydration
- have LOSS OF BOTH Na & H20
- DECREASES ECF FLUID
cause;
- diarrhea & vomiting
how can DEHYDRATION be treated?
can give the patient either CRYSTALLOID or COLLOID SOLUTIONS or BLOOD PRODUCTS
crystalloids
fluids that are given by IV
- often consist of more SMALLER MOLECULES
(much more RAPID in fluid shift)
- helps to INCREASE the INTRAVASCULAR VOLUME (usage of NS / LR solution)
- allows to give IMMEDIATE FLUID RESUSCITATION
ADVERSE EFFECT;
can increase EDEMA
colloids
- given by IV
- have much more LARGER MOLECULES and help to MAINTAIN CIRCULATING FLUID VOLUME often after trauma or surgery
- due to having LARGER MOLECULES»_space; stay within the intravascular spaces much longer
ex. ALBUMIN, DEXTRAN, or HETASTARCH
what should we MONITOR when administering crystalloid or colloid solutions?
- always assessing for FLUID OVERLOAD or HEART FAILURE
- administering COLLOIDS SLOWLY
- assessing for any signs of TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
