Fluids, Electrolytes, Acid/base balances Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
pH range
A
7.35 - 7.45
2
Q
respiratory alkalosis
A
pH > 7.45 PCO2 < 35mmHg symptoms: lightheadedness inability to concentrate numbness and tingling altered LOC
3
Q
respiratory acidosis
A
pH < 7.35 PCO2 > 45 mmHg symptoms: sudden changes: increased HR, RR, BP mental changes
4
Q
metabolic acidosis
A
pH < 7.35
HCO3 < 22
symptoms:
headache, confusion, drowsiness, decreased BP, CO
increased RR and depth, Dysrhythmias, Shock
5
Q
metabolic alkalosis
A
pH > 7.45 HCO3 > 26 symptoms r/t Hypocalcemia and Hypokalemia tachycardia respiratory depression
6
Q
serum sodium level
A
135 - 145 mEq/L
7
Q
serum potassium level
A
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
8
Q
serum calcium level
A
8.6 - 10.2 mg/dL
9
Q
serum magnesium level
A
1.3 - 2.3 mg/dL
10
Q
serum phosphate level
A
2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL
11
Q
serum chloride level
A
97 - 107 mEq/L
12
Q
Hgb values
A
women: 12 - 16
men: 13 - 18
13
Q
WBC count
A
4,500 - 10,000/mm3
14
Q
BUN
A
10-20
15
Q
serum creatinine
A
0.7 - 1.4
16
Q
HCT values
A
males: 42 - 52%
women: 35 - 57%
17
Q
platelet count
A
150,000 - 450,000/mm3
18
Q
urine osmolality and specific gravity
A
1.01 - 1.025
19
Q
symptoms of hypervolemia
A
edema, JVD, abnormal lung sounds (crackles); tachycardia; SOA; wheezing; increase BP, increase HR, increase PP, increase CVP, increase weight, increase urine output; ascites
20
Q
PCO2 range
A
35 - 45 mmHg
21
Q
HCO3 range
A
22 - 26 mEq/L
22
Q
PO2 range
A
80 - 100 mmHg
23
Q
O2 saturation
A
95% or above
24
Q
hyponatremia
A
< 135 mEq/L
symptoms: N/V, headache, malaise, tachycardia, hypotenstion
25
causes of hyponatremia
excessive diaphoresis
diuretics
hyperglycemia
26
hypovolemia labs
increased HCT & Hgb
increased serum & urine osmolality & specific gravity
decrease urine sodium
increased BUN and serum creatinine
27
hyperkalemia
> 5.0 mEq/L
symptoms: hypotension, PVCs, V-fib, restlessness
EKG: shortened repolarization and peaked T waves
28
hypervolemia labs
decrease: HCT, Hgb, serum & urine osmolality, urine sodium & specific gravity
29
causes of hyperkalemia
severe tissue damage
renal failure
certain medications
poor diet
30
hypokalemia
< 3.5 mEq/L
symptoms: hypotension, AMS, N/V, weakness
EKG: flattened T waves, prolonged PR interval, prominent U waves, ST depression
31
causes of hypokalemia
low potassium intake
trauma
vomiting/ diarrhea
Digoxin toxicity
32
hypermagnesemia
```
> 2.3 mg/dL
symptoms: hypotension, drowsiness,
decreased respiration and reflex reactions
cardiac arrest
coma/decreased LOC
```
33
causes of hypermagnesemia
DKA
adrenal insufficiency
hypothyroidism
renal failure
34
hypomagnesemia
< 1.3 mg/dL
symptoms: neuromuscular irritability,
EKG abnormalities: PVCs, flat/inverted T waves, depressed ST segment, prolonged PR, wide QRS ALOC, Insomia
35
causes of hypomagnesemia
alcoholism
hyperparathrydroidism
hyperadolsteronism
DKA
36
hypercalcemia
> 10.2 mg/dL
| s/s: abdominal pain, dehydration, bone pain, excessive urination
37
causes of hypercalcemia
overactive parathyoid cancers
38
hypocalcemia
< 8.6 mg/dL
| S/S: cramping, spasms, fatigue, irritability, kidney stones, increased DTRs
39
causes of hypocalcemia
hypoparathyroidism
vitamin D deficiency
kidney failure
40
hypovolemia
cause: vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning, diaphoresis
S/S: cool, clammy skin, oliguria, concentrated urine, cramps, postural hypotension, AMS, rapid,weak pulse, thirst, N/V, muscle weakness
41
hypernatremia
> 145 mEq/L
| S/S: thirst, bradycardia, irritability, N/V, HTN
42
cause of hypernatremia
```
heat stroke
burns
NPO
hyperventilation
dehydration
```
43
interventions and medical management for hypernatremia
interventions - oral hygiene, increase fluids, decrease sodium intake
medical management - hypotonic electrolyte saline, diet, patient education
44
interventions and medical management for
| hypomagnesemia
interventions - VS, assess muscle tone, fall precautions, bed alarm
medical management - EKG monitor, magnesium supplement, diet, alcohol cessation
45
interventions and medical management for hyperkalemia
interventions: monitor I&Os, VS, assess for muscle weakness and AMS
medical management - monitor EKG, lasix
46
interventions and medical management for hypocalcemia
interventions - encourage weight bearing exercises, calcium supplements, neuro checks
medical management - IV CaCl2, diet management
47
interventions and medical management for hypermagnesemia
interventions - VS, assess reflexes to assess spinal cord
| medical management - dialysis and diuretics
48
interventions and medical management for hyponatremia
interventions - decreased fluids, daily weights
| medical management - consult nephrology, hypertonic IV NS
49
interventions and medical management for hypercalcemia
interventions - low calcium diet, strain urine for stones, encourage mobility, neuro checks
medical management - calcitonin, diuretics
50
interventions and medical management for hypokalemia
interventions - VS, assess DTRs, monitor rhythm
| medical management - monitor EKG, Potassium supplement
51
major cations
```
sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
hydrogen
```
52
major anions
```
chloride
bicarbonate
phosphate
sulfate
proteinate ions
```
