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Anatomy > Folsom Test 2 > Flashcards

Folsom Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones

A

Regulatory molecules from tissues

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2
Q

what are local hormones

A

They act on cells within the tissue that they are made from

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3
Q

Difference between paracrine and autocrine molecules

A

Paracrine has to be regulated manually where autocrine self-regulates ie. blood clotting, inflammation

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4
Q

What do target tissues contain

A

receptors for a specific hormone, can go to a few or lots of target tissues

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5
Q

Three examples of chemical hormones

A

Proteins, peptides, amino acids

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6
Q

what is Thyroxine and where does it come from

A

modified amino acid, from thyriod

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7
Q

What type of hormones are the pituitary hormones

A

peptides or glycoproteins - they act from plasma membrane

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8
Q

what is a steroid

A

Ring based lipid. Bind to protein to regulate DNA activity EX- adrenal cortical

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9
Q

TF: Hormone release is a constant process

A

False

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10
Q

Two Mechanisms for hormone control

A

Non-hormone substance - Blood Glucose levels

Neural control - neurons controlled by endocrine cells producing action potentials

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11
Q

What will nervous stimulation of the pancreas do

A

May increase or decrease output. Acetylcholine would increase secretion norepinephrine will decrease

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12
Q

TF: Can hormones control the output of another hormone

A

True

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13
Q

How is the endocrine secretion regulated

A

By positive or negative feedback

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14
Q

How are hormones transferred in blood

A

as free or bound molecules- bound are carried with plasma protein specific to hormone

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15
Q

which hormones have a shorter half life

A

water soluble ones such as proteins and glycoproteins

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16
Q

What type of hormones are receptor molecules

A

proteins or glycoproteins, levels can be constant or varied

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17
Q

Describe down and up regulating for receptor molecules

A

decreasing or increasing the number of receptors and sensitivity to hormones. found in female reproductive cycle

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18
Q

2 classes of hormone receptors

A

Membrane bound

Intracellular

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19
Q

What does the pituitary gland do

A

“hypophysis”
secretes lots of regulatory molecules
connected from hypothalamus by infundibulum

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20
Q

what are the two lobes of the pituitary

A

Anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)

regulated by hypothalamus

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21
Q

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary do

A

Makes hormones -can increase and decrease amount

sends hormone to PP to be stored until needed

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22
Q

what does the posterior lobe of the pituitary do

A

houses hormones made by supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei - molecules stored are tropic hormones

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23
Q

what are the 4 major hormones made by the anterior pituitary

A

TSH - turns on thyroid gland
ACTH - turns on adrenal cortex
FSH - have folicules that secrete estrogen and progesterone
LH - lutenizing hormones - determines when ovaries ovulate
(all tropic hormones)

24
Q

what is somatotropic

A

“growth hormone” does much of work before puperty
act on non hormones
particulary effects growth of long bones (epipyseal plates)

25
Q

what are somatomedins

A

they are from the liver (maybe kidneys and muscles)
stimulates stem cell division
stimulates amino acid uptake

26
Q

what does over secretion of somatotropic do to children and adults. deficiency in children

A

OS- giantism D- dwarfism- children
acromegaly- adults
Thickens the bones of hands and feet

27
Q

What does prolactin do

A

Stimulates milk production

28
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

released during childbirth and nursing

increases uterine contraction - triggers milk release -induces labor - can help stop postpartum bleeding

29
Q

what does vassopressin do and what can high and low concentrations lead too

A

also known as antidiuretic hormone - regulates blood pressure - inhibits urine formation
high concentrations produce vasoconstriction of visceral blood vessels
low concentrations can lead to diabetes insipidis

30
Q

what is the Pars intermedis of the pituitary

A

middle part - involved in color change is cold blooded animals

31
Q

what two hormones does the thyroid produce and what is its shape

A

butterfly shaped - produces “thyroxine T4” or “T3”

32
Q

what structures does the thyroid hormone NOT act on

A

spleen, testes, uterus and thyroid

33
Q

what is the thyroid hormone used for

A

heat production in children, larger #’s of adrenergic receptors for blood vessels, regulates tissue development(skeletal growth and nervous and reproductive systems)

34
Q

what is hyperthyroidism

A

to much thyroxine, produces irregular hear rate and blood pressure
Graves disease “auto immune”

35
Q

what is hypothyroidism and what can it cause in adults and infants

A

to little thyroxine, low metabolism, puffy eyes
can result in goiter in adults
cretinism in infants

36
Q

what is calcitonin

A

made in thyroid - polypeptide - lowers calcium ion concentration levels esspecially in children

37
Q

Where is the parathyroid located

A

the two pairs are on the back of the thyroid - could also be in neck or chest

38
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do

A

regulates blood calcium levels - increases when Ca levels drops and vis versa for raising levels - acts on osteoclasts - enhances reabsorbtion of calcium in kidneys

39
Q

What two parts are the adrenal gland divided into

A

Adrenal Cortex and Adrenal medulla

40
Q

what is the adrenal medulla

A

secretes peptides - helpts to cope with stress

41
Q

what is the adrenal cortex

A

produces more than 20 steriods
cholesterol must be a precursor
has three layers

42
Q

what are the three layers of the adrenal cortex and what hormone do they secrete

A

Zona Glomerulosa - outer - secretes mineralocorticoids
Zona Fasciculata - middle - secretes glucocorticoids
Zona Recticularis - inner - secretes glucocorticoids and adrenal sex hormone

43
Q

What is a mineralocorticoid

A

regulates electrolyte and salt balance. mostly Na and K

44
Q

What is aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoid - major role in Na balance in adrenal cortex - stimulates kidneys to retain Na ions

45
Q

What is the renin angiotensin system

A

from kidneys - helps regulate aldosterone

46
Q

what hormones are released under severe stress

A

Mostly ACTH (anterior pituitary) some aldosterone - regulated by atrial natiuretic hormone

47
Q

what is atrial natiuretic hormone

A

from heart for when blood pressure rises - can black aldosterone - lowers blood pressure by promoting blood and water loss through kidneys

48
Q

what do glucocorticoids do

A

regulate body cell metabolism and helps resist stress

49
Q

what are the two main glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol - promotes gluconeogenesis (glucose production)

Cortisone

50
Q

what happens when glucocorticoid levels are too high

A

depress immune system, affects circulation and GI activity

51
Q

what are the adrenal sex hormones

A

mostly androgens with some estrogen - contribute to onset of puberty

52
Q

what does the pancreas do in the endocrine system

A

mostly digestive stuff, helps regulate blood sugar levels - creates insulin and glucagon

53
Q

what are the islet cells of the pancreas

A

Beta cells produce insulin and are more numberous
alpha cells produce glucagon
also makes somatostatin

54
Q

what hormones stimulate insulin release

A

epinepherine, growth hormone, thyroxine, glucacorticouds

55
Q

what hormones do the gonads, ovaries, and testes produce

A

gonads- steriod
ovaries - estrogen and progesterone
testes - testosterone

56
Q

what does the Pineal do

A

secretes melatonin - highest at night, lowest at noon - role in seasonal mating

57
Q

what does the thymus secrete

A

thymosin and thymopoeitin - largest in children - disapears by old age - used to process lymphocytes

Anatomy (2 decks)

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