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Anatomy > folsom test 2 part 2 > Flashcards

folsom test 2 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major functions of blood

A

gas transport, moving nutrients and hormones, immunological stuff, temp regulation, pH regulation

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2
Q

where does blood come from

A

made of connective tissue, cells originate from red bone marrow, matrix is made of plasma

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3
Q

what is plasma

A

carries nutrient molecules and hormones - 91% H2O the rest is protein and iron

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4
Q

what is the most abundant protein in plasma

A

albumin at 58% important or osmoregulation (moves water from tissues to blood)

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5
Q

what are the other two proteins of plasma

A

globin- transport

fibrinogen - clot formation

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6
Q

what are blood cells made of

A

Erythrocytes - 95%

leukocytes and thrombocytes - 5%

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7
Q

what are the two types of leukocytes

A

granular - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranular - monocytes, lymphocytes

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8
Q

what is the formation of blood cells called

A

hematopoeisis or hemapoeisis - mostly in red bone marrow

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9
Q

where do cells and platelets come from

A

stem cells

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10
Q 
what become of each of the following
proerythroblasts 
myeloblasts
lymphoblasts
monoblasts
megakaryoblasts
A 
P- erythrocytes
My- granulocytes 
L - lymphocytes
Mo- monocytes
Me- platelets
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11
Q

What are erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells - specialized for O2 transport - regulated by growth factors - biconcave disks with a lot of surface area for 98.5% gas exchange (rest done in plasma)

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12
Q

what does hemoglobin do

A

transports blood from lungs into tissues - rupture and release of it is called hemolysis -can also transport CO2 and nitric acid

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13
Q

what is transported in the plasma

A

CO2 - blood proteins - bicarbonate

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14
Q

how does bicarbonate form

A

when CO2 and H2o combine to make carbonic acid - dissociates to leave H and bicarbonate

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15
Q

why is bicarbonate important

A

has a major role in blood pH

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16
Q

what are the two types of hemoglobin

A

Embryonic - better at picking up O2

Fetal

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17
Q

what is the hormone that stimulates the formation of the erythrocyte

A

erythropoietin

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18
Q

how long does erythropoiesis (formation of) take and how long does an erythrocyte last

A

4-5 days

110-120 days

19
Q

what detects damage in an erythrocyte

A

macrophage

20
Q

what nutrients are required for red cell formation

A

Fe, B vitamins, folic and amino acids

21
Q

What is the basic function of a leukocyte

A

defense against pathogens and removal of damaged cells

22
Q

what is the only white blood cell for non- specific defenses

A

Lymphocyte (the rest are specific)

23
Q

what is the most abundant white blood cell

A

neutrophils 50-70%

24
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

first WBC to site of injury - attack and destroy bacteria

25
Q

what hormones does a neutrophil release

A

prostaglandins - increase capillary permeability

leukotrienes -attracts other phagocytes

26
Q

how are eosinophils characterized

A

bilobed nucleus - orange granuals - 2-4% of WBCs

27
Q

what do eosinophils do

A

function against parasites fungi and protozoa - destroys by releasing nitric oxide -can also respond to allergens

28
Q

what are basophils

A

least abundant, and smallest WBC - 1% - vasodialates and anticoagulant

29
Q

what are monocytes

A

2-8% of WBC’s - no nucleus - become macrophages

30
Q

how are lymphocytes identified

A

large nucleus - little cytoplasm - more found lympatic tissue 20-30%

31
Q

what are the three types of lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes - attacks invading cells
B lymphocytes -antibody formers
NK cells - “natural kilers” destroy abnormal cells

32
Q

what are platelets

A

bits of cells also called “thrombocytes” -play role in clotting and are destoryed by spleen if not used

33
Q

what two hormones are used in platelets

A

actin
myosin
both used in muscle contraction

34
Q

what hormone does platelets release in plug formation

A

thromboxane - formed from prostalandins

35
Q

what antigens do the blood types have (A, B, AB, O)

A

A- anti B
B- anti A
O- anti A and B
AB - neither

36
Q

What does RH +/- do

A

stimulates formation of antibodies in pregnancy

37
Q

what is polycythemia

A

overabundance of erythrocytes (RBC) causes greater viscosity -can plug capillaries

38
Q

what is anemia

A

decreased number of erythrocytes or decrease of hemoglobin

39
Q

what is aplastic anemia

A

caused by chemicals or radiation - insufficient division from damage to stem cells

40
Q

what is folate deficiency

A

in people with poor nutrition - folate is needed for DNA synthesis

41
Q

what is pernicious anemia

A

inadequate b12

42
Q

hemorrhagic anemia

A

from ulcers or excessive bleeding

43
Q

what is hemolytic

A

excessive destruction rupture of spleen

Anatomy (2 decks)

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