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Food Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Nutrition

A

How an organism obtains and uses food

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2
Q

Biomolecules

A

chemicals that are made inside a living thing

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3
Q

Autotrophic

A

When an organism produces its own food

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4
Q

Heterotrophic

A

When an organism feeds off other organisms

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5
Q

Constituents of food

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins and minerals

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6
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemical substances present in food

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7
Q

Non metals found in food

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur

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8
Q

Elements present as dissolved salts

A

Sodium, magnesium, chlorine, potassium and calcium

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9
Q

Trace elements

A

Iron, copper and zinc

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10
Q

Function of food

A

Energy, growth, repair and to make chemicals for metabolism

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11
Q

What two processes require food?

A

Metabolism and continuity of life

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism

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13
Q

Continuity of life

A

The way in which new living things arise from living things of the same type

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14
Q

Main elements in carbs

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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15
Q

General formula for carbs

A

Cx(H2O)y

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16
Q

Elements in carbs that have a 2:1 ratio

A

Hydrogen and oxygen

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17
Q

3 groups of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

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18
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Carbs that are composed of one sugar unit

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19
Q

Disaccharides

A

Carbs that are composed of Two sugar units

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20
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbs that are composed of many sugar units

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21
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose - sweets, chocolates etc
Fructose - fruits

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22
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose - sugar - glucose + fructose
Maltose - germinating seeds - glucose + glucose
Lactose - milk - glucose + galactose

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23
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch - energy store for plants
Glycogen - stored in liver and muscles
Cellulose - cell wall

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24
Q

Lipids vs oils

A

Lipids are solid at room temperature
Oils are liquid at room temperature

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25
Q

Elements in lipids

A

Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

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26
Q

What are the components of lipids?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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27
Q

Types of lipids

A

Triglycerides and phospholipids

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28
Q

Triglycerides

A

Lipids that are composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

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29
Q

Functions of triglycerides

A

Helps storing energy, form of protection and insulation

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30
Q

Phospholipids

A

Lipids that are made of one glycerol molecule, two fatty acids and one phosphate molecule

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31
Q

Functions of phospholipids

A

Important for the structure of cell membranes - controls what enters and leaves the cell

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32
Q

Vitamin

A

An organic molecule needed by organisms in very small amounts

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33
Q

Water soluble vitamin

A

Vitamin c (ascorbic acid)

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34
Q

Common source of vitamin c

A

Citrus fruits

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35
Q

Vitamin c deficiency

A

Scurvy

36
Q

Metabolic role of vitamin c

A

Formation of collagen, connective tissue, and helps with the immune system

37
Q

Fat soluble vitamin

A

Vitamin D (calciferol)

38
Q

Sources of vitamin D

A

Dairy, liver, fish oils

39
Q

Metabolic role of vitamin D

A

Helps absorb calcium

40
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets and osteomalacia

41
Q

Protein

A

Organic biomolecule found in every organism

42
Q

Good sources of protein

A

Meat, fish, eggs, dairy

43
Q

What elements are found in proteins

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

44
Q

What are proteins composed of

A

Amino acids

45
Q

How many common amino acids

A

20

46
Q

The bond between amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

47
Q

What determine the type of protein?

A

Sequence of amino acids and protein shape

48
Q

Peptides

A

Less than 20 amino acids

49
Q

Polypeptide

A

More than 20 less than 200 amino acids

50
Q

Protein

A

Around 200 amino acids

51
Q

How are proteins divided by their shape?

A

Fibrous proteins and globular proteins

52
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Long straight chains that are tough and rigid and have no folding

53
Q

Globular proteins

A

Form rounded shapes and have lots folding

54
Q

Examples of fibrous proteins

A

Keratin : hair and nails
Collagen : key component of bone, skin, ligaments etc

55
Q

Which type of proteins have a structural role

A

Fibrous proteins

56
Q

What are the Metabolic roles of protein

A

Formation of all enzymes , some hormones and haemoglobin

57
Q

Example of globular proteins

A

Albumen and enzymes

58
Q

Minerals

A

Slats that are formed from the earths rocks

59
Q

Minerals for plants

A

Calcium : cell wall
Magnesium : chlorophyll

60
Q

Minerals for animals

A

Calcium: for bones and teeth
Iron: to make haemoglobin

61
Q

Reagents for reducing sugar

A

Benedict’s solution + heat

62
Q

Reagent for starch

A

Iodine

63
Q

Reagent for fat

A

Brown paper

64
Q

Reagent for protein

A

Biuret solution ( sodium hydroxide + copper sulphate)

65
Q

Colour change in testing for reducing sugar

A

Blue to red

66
Q

Colour change in testing for starch

A

Red/yellow to blue/black

67
Q

Colour change in testing for fat

A

Translucent stain from opaque paper

68
Q

Colour change in testing for protein

A

Blue to purple

69
Q

Function of water

A

Medium where chemical reactions occur
Acts as an excellent solvent
Transports substances around the body

70
Q

Water takes place in which two types of chemical reactions?

A

Hydrolysis reactions and condensation reactions

71
Q

Hydrolysis reactions

A

A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound

72
Q

Example of a hydrolysis reaction:

A

Digestion

73
Q

Condensation reactions

A

When smaller molecules join to form a bigger molecule with the loss of a water molecule

74
Q

Example of condensation reactions

A

Formation of maltose

75
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism

76
Q

Metabolism is characterised into….?

A

Anabolism and catabolism

77
Q

Anabolism

A

Building up of large molecules from smaller molecules using energy

78
Q

Examples of anabolism

A

Photosynthesis and protein synthesis

79
Q

Catabolism

A

The breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules with the release of energy

80
Q

Examples of catabolism

A

Respiration and digestion

81
Q

Structural role of carbs

A

Cellulose is used to form plant cell walls

82
Q

Metabolic role of carbs

A

Glucose is broken down to release energy - used for other metabolic reactions

83
Q

Structural role of lipids

A

Energy store, insulation, protection

84
Q

Metabolic role of lipids

A

Can be broken down to produce energy

85
Q

Structural role of protein

A

Form structures such as skin, hair, nails and muscle

86
Q

Metabolic role of protein

A

Produce enzymes, antibodies and hormones

biology (5 decks)

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