Forms of expression and worship Flashcards
1
Q
Architecture
What are the different church designs?
A
- Many churches are built in a cross shape
- Where possible, churches are built facing the East
- Churches are built with a big, tall open space inside that point upwards
- Stained glass windows are carefully put together to show images of people from the Bible as well as images of angels and saints
2
Q
Architecture
How do cross shape churches reflect belief?
A
reflects the cross as a symbol of Jesus
Jesus’ death + resurrection is one of the fundamental belifs of Christianity
3
Q
Architecture
How does Church’s being built facing east reflect worship?
A
Jesus rose from the dead + brought new life, just as the sun rises from the east
Mass is a reminder of how Catholics share in the resurrection of Jesus
4
Q
Architecture
How does Church’s being built with big, tall open spaces and pointing upwards reflect worship?
A
suggets a connection with heaven
Cathedrals were built as high as possible to get closer to God
expressing God’s transcendence
5
Q
Architecture
How do stained glass windows reflect worship?
A
in the past many Catholics couldn’t read - to learn about the Bible stories they could look at these
6
Q
Architecture
What are the internal features of a Church (most)?
A
- A Nave – where worshippers sit
- A sanctuary – the sacred space where the altar is and mass is celebrated.
- Lectern – a raised stand from which the Bible is read from.
- Tabernacle – where the blessed sacrament is kept in Catholic Churches (although this could also be kept in a side chapel). Baptismal
- The Baptismal Front – contains the holy water
- A confessional for the sacrament of reconciliation
- A statue of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
- A statue of St Peter holding the keys to the kingdom
- Statues of the saints
7
Q
Architecture…
What are some SOWAs for architecture?
A
CCC - ‘these visible churches are not simply gathering places but signify and make visible the Church living in this place’
8
Q
Internal features
What are the internal features of a Church?
A
- The Lectern - stand for holding the Bible
- The Altar - table that represents the table at the last supper
- The Crucifix - a cross with a figure of Jesus on it
- The Tabernacle - box, close to the alter where the Eucharist is kept + a lamp is kept nearby to remind Catholics that Jesus is present in the tabernacle
9
Q
Internal features
How is the lectern used?
A
during mass…
* people will stand and read from OT and NT
* also where the priest will read the gospel from
10
Q
Internal features
Why is the lectern important?
A
- the Bible is the word of God
- Bible readings help Catholic worship - are the basis of the liturgy of the word in the mass
- the lectern represents God communicating with us his plans
11
Q
Internal features
How is the alter used?
A
- where the priest leads Mass
- priest stand their when he calls down the Holy Spirit to turn the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ (transubstantiation) - helps Catholics/where transubstantiation takes place
- Catholics will bow their heads when this happens
12
Q
Internal features
Why is the alter important?
A
- Reminds Catholics of Jesus’ sacrifice and through his death and resurrection we can go to heaven
- Christs redemption still affects people today
13
Q
Internal features
How is the tabernacle used?
A
- after transubstantiation, the body is kept in here
- believe that Jesus is actually present in the body
14
Q
Internal features
Why is the tabernacle important?
A
- reminds the worshipper of the sacrifice of Christ
- but also is a reminder of the resurrection
15
Q
Internal features
How is the crucifix used?
A
- It can help with private worship or public worship in mass
- strengthen feelings of love, hope and trust
16
Q
Internal features
Why is the crucifix important?
A
- reminds them of Jesus sacrificing himself for them
- It shows them how much God loves them and what he was prepared to do for them (John 3.16)
17
Q
Internal features
What are some SOWAs for internal feartures?
A
John 3:16 - “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life”
18
Q
Sacred objects
What are the sacred objects?
A
- Sacred vessels
- Cloths
- Vestments
- Sarcophagi
- Hunger cloths
19
Q
Sacred objects
What are the sacred vessels used in mass?
A
- Chalice - cup to hold the blood of Christ
- Paten - plate which holds the priests host, enables the congregation to receive the Eucharist
- Ciborium - a covered dish, holds the peoples hosts (smaller) before and after transubstantiation
- stoup - a container on the wall that holds holy water, at the entrance of the Church holds holy water near the entrance of the church, used by Catholics to bless themselves as they enter the church
20
Q
Sacred objects
Why are the sacred vessels important?
A
paten, ciborium and chalice:
* very important to Catholics - used for the sacrament of the Eucharist, crucial to belief in the sacred mystery of transubstantiation
stoup:
* reminds Catholics of the Holy Trinity and the promise of Eternal Life
21
Q
Sacred objects
What are vestments?
A
special clothes worn by priests when conducting worship
come in a variety of colours which represents different parts of the liturgical year, e.g
* White = Christmas/ easter
* Green = ordinary time
* Red (Holy Spirit) = good friday, maryrs and day of pentecost
* Purple = advent/lent
22
Q
Sacred objects
What are sarcaphagi?
A
- containers for dead bodies
- usually made from stone and often displayed in the Church - contain the remains of saints
- Catholics believe that if they pray to a saint/close to the remains of one, that that particular saint can help them pray
23
Q
Sacred objects
What are Hunger Cloths?
A
- traditionally used in the Middle Ages to cover the alter during lent - usually had pictures showing the main events of Jesus’ life or Bible stories
- Modern Hunger Cloths - used to promote justice and peace, many charities such as CAFOD use them as a symbol of loyalty and to unite communities
- reflecting beliefs about the need to follow the example of Jesus and fight for world justice + peace
24
Q
Sacred objects
When are special objects used outside of Church?
A
- Holy images, statues and crucifixes are used in private devotations and prayer, in Curch OR home
- Holy water is used to bless oneself and can be sprinkled at home too
- Priests wear special vestments outside church for things like funerals
25
# Sacred objects
What are some **SOWAs** for **sacred objects?**
**CCC teaches that** - 'all the signs in the litugical celebrations are related to Christ'
26
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
What are **Icons?**
religious paintings of Mary, Jesus, Saints or Angles
27
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
Why do some **other Christians (protestants) disagree with icons?**
breaks 1 of the 10 commandments - 'Do not worship false idol'
28
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
What did the **Council of Nicea** say about **icons?**
**encouraged** Catholics to use icons as a form of worship
29
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
What is an **example** of an **Icon?**
**Icon of Christ**
30
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
What does the **painting of Christ portray?**
* Halo shows his **holiness** and the fact that it is **gold** illustrates his **divinity**
* Different **facial expressions/2 halves of a face** shows Jesus’ **two natures** (fully human and fully divine)
* The **holy book** symbolises that Christ is the **Word of God** and that the **Bible** comes from **God**
* **Position of the fingers** on the right hand symbolises both the **Trinity** and **Christ’s death on the cross**
31
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
What are some **examples** of **Catholic art?**
The sistine chapel has many:
* Michelangelo – ‘The Creation of Adam’
* Michelangelo – 'The Last Judgement'
32
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
How does **The Creation of Adam** reflect **Catholic beliefs and teachings?**
* Shows **God is the creator** - created Adam in his image (perfect man) + Adam depends on God for life
* The gap between the hands shows the **separation** of **God and humanity**
* God is **powerful** yet **ancient** - portrayed as a wise man (long grey beard)
33
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
Why are **religious paintings important** to Catholics?
* can be seen as an **expression of devotion** -also can aid in the worship of God
* Art helps to create a **spiritual experience** for the believers - those who visit the **Sistine Chapel** suggest that it is significant in developing a person’s relationship with God
* A painting can reveal to the people what **God is like** - and therefore lead to a better **understanding** of the nature of God
34
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
What is a **Fresco?**
method of painting on freshly laid plaster so that the colours fuse with the wall
35
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
What is an **example** of a **fresco?**
Fresco by Giotto of St Francis of Assisi
36
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
How are **beliefs shown** in **Fresco by Giotto of St Francis of Assisi?**
* St Francis is preaching to the birds shows **nature** as part of **God’s creation** and birdsong as praising the Creator
* one hand is lowered symbolises him *welcoming* the birds
* the other hand is raised in blessing, with 3 fingers **reflecting the Trinity**
37
# meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing
What are some **SOWAs** for **meaning and significance of painting, frescoes and drawing?**
**The CCC teaches**:
that sacred art can evoke faith and adoration by portraying the transcendent mystery of God
38
# meaning and significance of sculptures and statues
Why are **statues** a good way of **expressing beliefs?**
nothing is hidden or requires interpretatoins
39
# meaning and significance of sculptures and statues
How are sculptures **used** in a **Catholic church?**
* used to show **devotion** - by kneeling before them, **touching** or **kissing** them, lighting candles before them and **praying** before them.
* Can feel more real and help people to **better relate** (it's 3D)
* Can help with **prayer** and **meditation** as they help the believer to **connect to Jesus Christ**
* NOT worshipped
40
# meaning and significance of sculptures and statues
What are some **examples** of statues?
* Of the **Virgin Mary and Baby Jesus / Madonna and child**
* Of the Virgin Mary and **adult Jesus**
* Of the **Sacred heart of Jesus**
* **Bronze statues of Peter**
* **Christ the redeemer** (not in Church)
41
# meaning and significance of sculptures and statues
Describe how '**Madonna and Child**' **expresses belief?**
show Mary **holding the baby** - reminds Catholics of their belief in **Mary as the mother of God** and often see her as a **model for the Church**
42
# meaning and significance of sculptures and statues
How does statues of **Mary and adult Jesus** **express belief?**
Mary is portrayed as **younger (a young girl**) - to show that she is the **daughter of her son** as much as **Jesus is her son**
* Christ was **her creator and redeemer**
also Mary is often seen as a **model of discipleship** - was **with Jesus** on the day he **died** and **showed great faith**
43
# meaning and significance of sculptures and statues
How does the statue of the **Sacred Heart of Jesus** **express belief?**
statue is **based on visions** by St Margaret Mary Alacoque - shows the **heart of Jesus exposed**, surrounded by the **crown of thorns** with a **burning fire within it**
* crown of thorns - remind Catholics of Jesus' suffering, suffered and died so we could be saved from sin (John 3:16)
* His hand is pointing to the heart to highlight its significance
44
# meaning and significance of sculptures and statues
How does the **Bronze statues of St peter express belief?**
* original can be found in St Peters Basilica in Rome
* shows St Peter holding **up his hand in blessing**
* the other hand clutches the **keys to the Kingdom of Heaven** - reflecting the belief that he was the rock on which Christ built his Church and given the authority to forgive sins
45
# meaning and significance of sculptures and statues
What are **different views** on **sculptures and statues**
(protestant)
* believes it breaks one of the 10 commandments
46
# meaning and significance of sculptures and statues
Where else could **Catholic statues** be **found?**
* peoples **homes**
* Catholic **school** buildings
* Most **Churches** will have them on **their ground** (statue of Mary + baby Jesus and a crucifix)
47
# The purpose and use of symbolism and imagery in religious art
What are the different **symbols?**
* Ichthus (**fish**)
* Alpha and Omega
* Chi-Rho
* Dove
* Eagle
* cross
* crucifix
4 evangalists have their own symbols:
* Matthew - Winged man
* Mark - Winged lion
* Luke - Winged ox -
* John - eagle
48
# The purpose and use of symbolism and imagery in religious art
What does the **fish represent?**
**early days of Christianity**, the most common sign used by Christians was the sign of fish:
* many of the early disciples were **fishermen**, and Jesus had told them that he would make them ‘**fishers of men**’
* used by the first Christians as a **secret symbol** - when it was illegal
* **Today**, used in business or on **bumper stickers**
49
# The purpose and use of symbolism and imagery in religious art
What does **Alpha** and **Omega represent?**
* Comes from the **first** and **last letter** of the Greek alphabet
* **Jesus says** "*I am the alpha and the omega, the first and last, the befinning and the end*"
* Together they form a **symbol of Christ** - represent the belief that Jesus was at the **beginning of time** and will be at the **end**, eternal like God
* used on the **Altar** - On the **paschal candle**
50
# The purpose and use of symbolism and imagery in religious art
What does the **Chi Rho represent?**
* Chi and Rho are the **first two letters of the name Christ**
* remind Christians of the **death of Jesus**; the fact that he was the Messiah and came to redeem us
* used on the **armour of Roman soldiers**
51
# The purpose and use of symbolism and imagery in religious art
What does the **Dove represent?**
Holy Spirit
* used as a symbol of **peace** by both Christians and non- Christians
* **Luke 3 :22** When Jesus is baptised, the holy Spirit is described as coming down on him like a dove
52
# The purpose and use of symbolism and imagery in religious art
What does the **Eagle represent?**
symbolise **Jesus**’ **divine nature**
* can be found on a lectern (where the Bible is read from in church) – symbolises ‘carrying’ the word of God out to those who want to listen
53
# The purpose and use of symbolism and imagery in religious art
What does the **cross** and **crucifix** **represent?**
**Cross:**
* **Jesus’ resurrection** (empty cross)
* **used in** Churches, Catholic homes and on necklaces
* **Nicene Creed**: On the third day he rose again
**Crucifix:**
* Jesus’ **suffering and death**
* **used in** Churches, Catholic homes and on necklaces
* **John 3:16**
54
# The meaning and Significance of Drama
What are the **2 types** of **plays/dramas?**
1. Mystery plays
2. Passion plays
55
# The meaning and Significance of Drama
What are **mystery plays?**
**medieval dramas produced by travelling** actors and the local town productions - **performed bible stories** (e.g creation etc...)
tried to put across the message of **Christianity by:**
* Being in the **language** of the people (not in Latin)
* Using **humour**
* Putting **real-life situations** into the plots so that people could **empathise**
* Making the spiritual message **clear** and **easy to understand**
The plays were **very popular** and **very effective** at spreading the **message of Christianity**
56
# The meaning and Significance of Drama
What are **passion plays?**
produced by **Christians** throughout the world, especially in **South and central America**
These plays tell the **story of Jesus’ last days**, from **Palm Sunday** to the **cross** and **finally ascension** (at Easter)
They are usually performed by **local actors** and they try to put across the message of **Christ’s Passion** by:
* Being in the **local language**
* Bringing the drama of the **events to life**
* Making the **Passion a spectacle** (often there are 500 actors).
* Putting in some **ordinary events** to make it relevant
57
# The meaning and Significance of Drama
How do **mystery plays express belief?**
* express Catholic beliefs express **Catholic beliefs** (e.g creation, fall of man, incarnation etc...) and they **bring them to life through play** and **characterisation**
* help people to **understand** and **remember stories** from the **Bible** in a **powerful** way than **simply reading**
58
# The meaning and Significance of Drama
How do **passion plays express belief?**
* tell the story of **Jesus’ death** and can convey a message of **salvation** and **forgiveness**
* highlight the **emotions** of Jesus journey on the **cross** the songs sung at the foot of the cross provide a **moving effect for those listening**
* beliefs about the **passion** and **resurrection** are expressed in the dramatic events
59
# The meaning and Significance of Drama
What are some **SOWAs** for **Drama?**
**Matthew 28:19** - "*Go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit*"
...helps fulfill this **mission** by **teaching and inspiring** faith through powerful storytelling
60
# Nature + use of traditional and contemporary styles of music in worship
What are the main types of **traditional music?**
Incl examples.
**Hymns - songs of praise:**
* "Hail Holy Queen"
* "Faith of our Fathers"
* "Amazing grace"
* Some reinforce important Christian teachings
* Allows for praise and adoration
**Psalms - sacred songs or hymns from OT (Psalms):**
* have been used in Jewish worship since they were written, **1000BC**
* done during the mass
**Plainchant - chanting:**
* no music and people sing either by themselves or as a group originally this was the only type of music allowed in church
61
# Nature + use of traditional and contemporary styles of music in worship
When did **Contemporary music** come more **common?**
since the **Second Vatican Council**
62
# Nature + use of traditional and contemporary styles of music in worship
What is **Contemporary Music/modern music?**
* more **pop-based songs**
* used in some masses, particularly in **family** and **youth masses**
* thought to help **younger parishioners** feel involved in the mass
* In charismatic Christian settings, this music is seen as **accompanying** an experience of the **Holy Spirit**
* use **different instruments** e.g. guitars and drums
* Inspired by religious themes but **not necessarily the Bible**
63
# Nature + use of traditional and contemporary styles of music in worship
Why can styles of **modern music** be seen as **bad?**
often result in **liturgy** being **modified** - true worship should be **centred around the liturgy**, governed by **law** and **tradition**
64
# Nature + use of traditional and contemporary styles of music in worship
What are **different ways** music can be **used?**
* Music can be used to **begin the mass** – the priest and altar serves enter whilst the congregation stand and sing a hymn
* Hymns and songs may feature in the mass as the **bread and wine are brought to the altar**
65
# Nature + use of traditional and contemporary styles of music in worship
What are some **SOWAs** for **music?**
**St Augustine** - "To sing is to pray twice."
