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Foundation Flashcards

1
Q

How did the Estruscans help Italy’s viticulture and wine history?

A
  1. Taught local tribes wine growing, winemaking, and preservation techniques
  2. Alberata/Maritata all’Albero using trees to train vines. Allowed poly-crop planting training systems
  3. Developed wine trade and exportation
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2
Q

How did the Greeks help Italy’s viticulture and wine history?

A
  1. “Oenotria” - southern wine region
  2. Alberello low-head training techniques
  3. Turned wine into essential commodity
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3
Q

How did the Romans help Italy’s viticulture and wine history?

A
  1. Improved & refined Estrucan & Greek techniques
  2. Popularized and spread vine crops through parts of Europe (Spain, Rhône, Rhine)
  3. Made Italy center for wine production & trade
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4
Q

How did conquering tribes in Italy influence wine regions?

A

-Viticulture and wine culture declined:
-Lombards: controlled northern regions, some central & southern
-Eastern Roman Empire- central and Papal States
-Sicily- Arab & Norman rule

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5
Q

How did the Dark Ages impact Italy’s wine industry?

A

-Wine production significantly dropped
-Trade became dangerous
-Wine culture was saved by monasteries

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6
Q

How did the discovery of the Americas impact Italys wine regions?

A

Mediterranean trade routes lost importance and decreased Italy’s economic and social development

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7
Q

What was instrumental to Italys unification in 1861?

A

House of Savoy/Duchy of Savoy obtained Sardegna. Because Kingdon of Sardegna

-Kingdom of Sardegna + Resurgimento led to unification

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8
Q

How did phylloxera shape Italy’s wine regions?

A

-Destroyed and replanted considerable international varieties
-Many indigenous varieties were lost completely

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9
Q

What were the major 20th century events that shaped Italy’s modern wine industry?

A

-1950s/1960s: consumer class demand for wine
-1963 DOC created to regulate & protect wine industry
-Abolition of “mezzadria” share-cropping

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10
Q

Give the structure of European Union wine laws 

A

(Bottom to top)
Generic
Generic w/ grape and/or vintage
PGI (with geographical indication)
PDO (with geographical indication)

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11
Q

Italian Wine Laws structure

A

(Bottom to top)
Vino- Generic
Vino- Generic w/ grape and/or vintage
PGI/IGP (traditionally IGT)
PDO- DOC or DOP
PDO - DOCG

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12
Q

DOC labeling requirements

A

-PDO
-From delimited geographical area
-Follow discipliaire, less stringent than DOCG
-Lab tested
-Blue fascetta/sigillo (seal) optional
-332 (+/-) DOCs

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13
Q

DOCG Labeling requirements

A

PDO, highest classification
-Delimited geographical area, usually smaller than DOC
-Stringent discipliaire production requirements including type, production cycle, variety, yield, min potential alcohol, final alcohol & aging
-Laboratory tested + blind tasting
-Gold fascetta/sigillo (seal)
-Min 10 years as DOC
74 DOCGs

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14
Q

IGT Labeling requirements

A

-Middle quality
-Defined by area made, usually large province(s) or region(s)
- 85% of grapes from stated region
-85% of production from stated region
-Can state IGP (EU term) or IGT (It. Term)
-118 IGTs

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15
Q

What information can be on a vini Label? What varieties are allowed?

A

Vini = Generic wine.

-Country of origin
-Can be labeled by color, variety (85% min) variety (85%)
-7 permitted varieties: Cab Franc, Cab Sauv, Cabernet (CS + CF) Merlot, Syrah, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc

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16
Q

DOC/DOCG Regulations

A

-Labeling terms
-Grape variety
-Geographical boundaries
-Viticulture practices:
planting density, pruning/training, max yields, min ripeness aka potential alcohol)
-Winemaking practices:
Min final alcohol, oak and/or bottle ageing
-Chemical-physical parameters (acidity, sugar)
-Organoleptic parameters (color, aroma, flavor)

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17
Q

Sottozona requirements

A

Sub-zones within in a DOCG or DOC
-Special climate, topography, soils OR historical tie
-labels can list subzone and/or subzone and grape

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18
Q

What is a consorzio?

A

Voluntary association of producers, merchants and cooperatives that represent interests of wine district or sub region
-Create disciplinaire
-legally regulated

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19
Q

What is the Disciplinare di Produzione?

A

Legal document defining IGT, DOC, and DOCG growing and production rules

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20
Q

EU Mandatory Labeling Terms

A
  1. Name of Appellation
  2. Name of quality designation (eg DOC)
  3. Country of origin
  4. Vintage (harvest year)
  5. Name and location of bottler
  6. Batch indication
  7. Alcohol level
  8. Volume of liquid e 
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21
Q

What part of Europe is Italy located in?

A

Southern

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22
Q

What is the topography of Italy?

A

35% Mountains: Alps and Apennine’s

42% Hills: Prealps; Central and southern along Apenine
Volcanic, sedimentary, morainic

23% Plains: Padana (Po Valley), Tavoliere d’elle Puglie (Puglia)

Seas: Mediterranean - Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian, Liguarian
Rivers, lakes

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23
Q

How do Italian mountain ranges effect climate?

A

-Extends the growing season. One of the latest harvest times in Europe
-Helps maintain acidity
-Helps maintain aroma

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24
Q

How do seas effect Italy’s climate?

A

-Mediterranean provides warmth and humidity
-Tyrrhenian is deep and large and exerts more moderating influence on Western Italy

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25
What are the sedimentary areas of Italy and how did they form?
Sediment: formed through accumulation and cémentation Alluvial (rivers) - gravel & sand : Padana Plain Marine - limestone, calcaereous, dolomite: Alp regions - Langhe, Valpolicella, Collio, Colli, Conegliano, Valdobbiadene, Chianti, Montalcino
26
Define orogenesis
Formation of mountain ranges. -Created sedimentary soils
27
Define moraine and where they are found
Sediment that was transported by a glacier; creates a mound -Northern Piemonte, Franciacorta, Valtellina, Lake Garda
28
How is metamorphic rock formed and where is it found?
Sedimentary or igneous Rock exposed to high temperatures and pressure which changes rock structure -Commonly found in mountainous regions - Sardegna, Calabrian, northeast Sicily and Alps
29
What are the volcanic areas of Italy?
Sardegna, Alps Veneto prealps Toscana Lazio Basilicata Campania
30
How is Italy divided politically?
5 autonomous: Valle d’Aosta, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli VG, Sicily, and Sardinia, following historical lines Regions > Provinces (provinci) >Municiplaties (comum)
31
How did the mezzadria system impact Italy’s wine development?
Mezza- half of the profit of rented farm land went to the owner -Dominant system of crop growing in Italys development -While it was legal, quantity and multiple crops were the focus, not quality -Little money to invest in equipment or method advancements -After abolished, focus on higher quality clones and vines
32
Define alberata system and where it is used.
Tying a vine to a tree (vine married to a tree) -This method transferred to pergola: -Trentino Alto Adige -veneto -Romagna And Tendone in southern regions
33
How are Italy’s native grape varieties important to the wine industry?
-Native varieties represent 1/4 of worlds cultivated grape varieties -Give grape growers unique, non-replicable wines -Most are late-ripening and need warm conditions
34
What events led to the planting of international varieties in Italy?
-French and German cuttings brought in 19th century: Pinot, Chardonnay, Cabernet Franc, Merlot -After phylloxera outbreak (early 20th cent), grafted onto French varieties and indigenous varieties not replanted -1970s - 1990s; Pinto Grigio, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and rise of super Tuscans
35
What are the most widely planted varieties overall and where are they grown?
1. Sangiovese: Tuscany, Romagna, elsewhere 2. Montepulciano: Abruzzo 3. Catarratto Blanco: Sicily 4. Merlot: Veneto, n/e Italy 5. Trebbiano: Tuscany Other reds: Barbera, Nero d’Avola Other whites: Chardonnay (for sparkling), Glera, Pinot Grigio 100 varieties widely cultivated
36
List the common sparkling winemaking techniques
-Tank: Metodo Martinotti -Traditional: aka Metodo Classico or Talento -Frizzante: fizzy, 1 - 2.5atm -Regional methods: Franciacorta, Trento - strict yield and lees aging requirements -Ancestral: Rifermentazione naturale in bottiglia
37
White winemaking methods traditional v. Modern
Traditional: must fermentation Modern, light: stainless steel, cool, long fermenation Cultured yeast Filtration & centrifugation Modern, complex: stainless steel or wood Short, cold maceration
38
Red winemaking methods traditional v modern
Traditional: oak fermentation, long Punching down Long oak maturation in Slavonian oak or chestnut casks Modern: stainless steel, oak or both fermentation Pumping over, cap submerging or rotofermenters Shortened maceration Small, new oak or large neutral casks
39
Winemaking enhancement rules
Chaptalisation: disallowed Must enrichment: allowed when listed in disciplinare with MCR for poor vintages Acid addition: Zone CII (some northern, central, and some southern) CIIIb, allowed (south) Deacdifiy: Zone C1 - Valle d’Aosta, CII (north, central, some southern)
40
Methods for creating Rosato
direct press Bleeding the tank (salasso)
41
Define passito
A sweet wine made from semi-dried grapes
42
Define recioto
A sweet wine made from semi-dry grapes in the Veneto area
43
What were the ancient civilizations that influenced Italy’s wine development? When did they rule?
1. Etruscans Antiquity - 8th century BC 2. Greeks 8 - 6 BCE 3. Romans 4th BCE - 5C AD
44
Who was Carlo ALberto?
King of Savoy 1798 - 1849
45
Who was Count Camilo Benso di Cavour?
Important in Piedmont unification of Italy 1818 - 1861 1861 - first Prime Minister Dry Barolo
46
Who was Vittoria Emanuelle II?
King of Italy during unification 1820 - 1878
47
When was DOC appellation originally enacted (decade)?
1960s (1963)
48
Which was the first appellation to receive DOC?
Vernacci di San Gimignao 1966
49
When was the first DOCG enacted?
1980
50
Who was Giacomo Tachis?
Wine Renaissance - Sangiovese development in Toscana
51
Who was Mario Schiopetto?
Wine renaissance: white wine technique development in Friuli
52
Who was Angelo Gaja?
Wine renaissance: popularized Barberesco in Piedmont
53
Who was Giorgio Lungarotti?
Wine renaissance: development of Sangiovese in Umbria
54
Who was Anotonio Mastroberardino?
Wine renaissance: important in saving native varieties in Irpinia, Campagnia
55
Who was Séverine Garofano?
Wine Renaissance in Puglia
56
Define classico
Type of subzone -Usually original historic area -Longstanding tradition or reputation for particular wine
57
Define MGA
More specific area of production w/in DOC/G usually used for labeling terms Typically smaller than a subzone Similar to "cru"
58
Name the regions that make traditional method sparkling wines
Franciacorta Trento Oltrepo Pavese Metodo Classico Alta Langa DOC
59
Name the tank method appellations
Asti Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco Superiore Asolo Prosecco Superiore DOCG Prosecco DOC Lambrusco Brachetto d'Acqui
60
Name the appellations the use Ancestral method sparkling wines
Lambrusco Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco Superiore
61
Name the main passito style appellations
Valle d'Aosta (fletri) Erbaluce di Caluso {Piemonte} Cinque Terre Sciacchetra {Liguria} Moscato di Scanzo {Lombardia} Romagna Albana {ER} Colli Piacentini Malvasia {ER} Colli Piacentini Vin Santo {ER} Trentino vin Santo Reciotos (Soave, Gambellara, Valpolicella) {Veneto} Breganze Torcolato {Veneto} Colli Euganei Fior d'Arancio {Veneto} Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit {FVG} Ramandolo {FVG}
62
Name the 5 sweet Nothern whites effected by Noble Rot
Romagna Albana {Albana} Trentino Vino Santo {Nosiola} Recioto di Soave {Garganega} Breganze Torcolato {Vespaiola} Recioto della Valpolicella {Corvina, Corvinone, Rondinella}
63
Name the principal Rosatos of Northern Italy (4)
Riviera del Garda Classico Chiaretto {Lombardia} Bardolino Chiaretto {Veneto} Lagrein Kretzer {Alto Adige} Oremasco di Pornassio Sciactra {Liguria}
64
Which northern region is most closely associated with Schiava?
Alto Adige Trentino
64
Which northern region is most closely associated with Lambrusco varieties?
Emilia Romagna Lombardia
64
Which norther region is most closely associated with Sangiovese?
Emilia-Romagna Liguria
64
Which norther regions are most closely associated with Turbiana?
Lombardia (Trebbiano di Lugana) Veneto (Trebbiano di Soave)
65
Which northern region is most closely associated with Pinot Bianco?
Trentino Alto Adige
66
Which norther region is most closely associated with Muller Thurgau & Gewurztraminer?
Alto Adige Trentino Valle d'Aosta (M-T only)
67
Which northern regions are associated with Pinot Nero?
Valle d'Aosta Lombardia Alto Adige
68
69
What are the top 3 regions in Italy for total DOC/DOCGs?
1. Piedmont 2. Toscana 3. Veneto
70
When did the Kindgom of Italy form?
1861
71
Tai Rosso is a synonym for
Cannanou
72
Which northern region does not have a continental climate?
Valle d’Aosta - alpine. Liguria - Mediterranean Trenton and AA have contintal because of moderating effects of lakes and alps blocking air. Some of Veneto is Mediterranean but as a whole continental
73
What vine training system did Estrucans introduce?
Alberata/Vite Maritata all’Albero -Vines trained high on or between trees
74
What vine training system did the Greeks introduce?
Alberello -Low bush training
75
Who was instrumental in unification of Italy in 1861?
The House of Savoy with resurgimento movement unified into Kingdom of Sardena
76
Who were the pioneer producers in Toscana?
Tenuta San Guido - Sassicaia Capezzana - Carmignano Ricasoli - Chianti Classico Antinori - Tignanello (Super Tuscans) Biondi-Santi - Brunello di Montalcino
77
Who were the key producers in Umbria?
Lungarotti -Torgiano Arnaldo Caprai - Montefalco
78
Who are the key producers in Marche?
Fazi Batteliga
79
Who are the key producers in Campania?
Mastroberardino - Irpinia Villa Matilde, Moio - Falerno del Massico
80
Who is the key producer in Puglia?
De Castris - Rosato/Salento (5 Roses)
81
Who is the key producer in Calabria?
Librandi - Ciro
82
Which regions in Central Italy have volcanic soil?
Bolgheri (Toscana) Orvieto (Umbria) Frascati (Lazio)
83
What regions in southern Italy have volcanic soils?
Vulture (Basilicata) Etna, Lipari, Pantelleria (Sicilia) Falerno del Massico, Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei (Campania)
84
What is the main plain in southern Italy?
Tavoliere delle Puglie
85
What are the major lakes and rivers in central and southern Italy?
Lakes: Trasimeno Bolsena Bracciano Rivers: Arno Tevere Volturno
86
What is archetto?
Vine training technique Variation on guyot Balances vigor throughout wine
87
What are the principal rosatos of Central/Southern Italy?
Barco Reale di Carmignano Rosato Cerasuolo d’Abruzzo Castel del Monte Bombino Nero DOC Salice Salentino DOC Salento IGT
88
Name the principal sweet wines of Central and Southern Italy
Vin Santo - Chianti/Classico, Montepulciano, Carmignano Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG Montefaclo Sagrantino Passito DOCG Orvieto Muffa Nobile Lacrima di Morro d’Alba Passito Verdicchio di Castelli di Jesi Passito DOC Cannellini di Frascati DOCG Greco di Bianco Primitivo di Manduria Dolce Naturale Marsala Passito di Panhellenic & Moscato di Panhellenic Malvasia delle Lipari Passito & Malvasia delle Lipari Malvasia di Bosa
89
What regions had Roman crus?
Lazio - Caecubum Campania - Falernum Silicia- Mamertinum
90
What is the Greek and Roman style of wines?
Sweet, alcoholic Diluted with water (sea water), resin, herbs, spices

Italian Wine Scholar (23 decks)

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