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BMS 100 > Foundational Microbiology 2 > Flashcards

Foundational Microbiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

is the ability of a lens to separate or distinguish between small objects that are close together

A

resolution

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2
Q

Consider the limits of theta

A

90 degrees

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3
Q

oil immersions change the refractive ___

A

index

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4
Q

air has a much ____ refractive index than glass. Glass has an equal refractive index to oil

A

less

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5
Q

With ____: you are maximizing the amount of light beams that end up reaching the objective lens (the light you can eventually see)

A

oil

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6
Q

We want to decrease d by:

A
  • using smaller wavelengths
  • increasing theta
  • increase n (refractive index) by using an oil immersion
    BUT STILL… at best, you can get 0.2 m of resolution
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7
Q

Dark-Field Microscopy

A
  • Use peripheral beams
  • The background is dark and specimens are light
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8
Q

Phase Contrast Microscopy

A

2 different populations of light
- The light that passes through the specimen
- Light that does not pass through the specimen

Able to see the structure of the cell but also structures within the cell
- Good for studying motility, detailed structures, organelles, complex structure

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9
Q

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy

A

Creates the illusion that the structures are 3D

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10
Q

Fluorescent Microscopes

A

Almost the reverse of what we’ve been talking about
The light source is from the side - high energy, short wavelengths

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11
Q

The solution: Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM)

A

Allows you to take a picture of a specific focal plane without getting any of the background information

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12
Q

Different vs light and electron

A

We use an electron gun instead of a light or lamp source
For light: when we want to manipulate the light - we use glass
For electrons: we use magnets to manipulate
BENDS THE BEAM
- Electrons - have a higher energy curve - more likely to pick things up

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13
Q

sphere

A

Coccus

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14
Q

rod

A

Bacillus

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15
Q

curve

A

Virbrio

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16
Q

Binary fission

A
  1. chromosome replication begins
  2. repication continues
  3. two copies go to opposite sides
  4. replication finishes
  5. two daughter cells results
    the daughter regular chromosomes are stuck in opposite sides of the cell
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17
Q

Bacterial Reproduction

A

The new origins of replication move apart, towards opposite ends of the cell. A septum (wall) forms down the middle of the cell, partitioning it into two new cells, each with one of the two (now complete) bacterial chromosome copies. The cell pinches in two. We now have two new bacteria!

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18
Q

will break off and give rise to new filaments

A

spores

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19
Q

budding

A
  1. DNA is replicated
  2. one daughter DNA molecule is moved into bud
  3. young bud starts
  4. daughter cell buds off
20
Q

strepto-

A

repeating segment

21
Q

Tetrads

A

square of four cells

22
Q

Sarcinae

A

8 cells in a cube

23
Q

Staphlococci

A

random plane - just a grouping

24
Q

Arrangement of bacteria: Cocci
is based on:

A
  1. Plane of cell division
  2. Do they stick together after division or not
25
Q

arrangement of bacteria: bacilli

A

Only able to divide on their short axis

26
Q

Palisade

A

stick together

27
Q

V-shape

A

from snapping

28
Q

two types of external structure (glycocalyx)

A
  1. capsule (packed together)
  2. slime layer Loosely packed
    Slimy = they get stuck on teeth etc. and capsules are unrecognizable to the immune system (pneumonia-causing bacteria)
29
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella all over

30
Q

Single Polar Flagellum

A

one on one side

31
Q

Tuft of polar flagella

A

tuft of flagella on one side

32
Q

How flagellated bacteria move: A biased random walk

A

Tumble: all flagellum are beating randomly - spin around in a random direction THEN
Run: all flagellum are operating at the same time in the same coordinated motion
If the run is the wrong direction, they will tumble again,
If the run is in the right direction, the run will be longer

33
Q

chemotaxis and phototaxis

A

tumble THEN run - towards light or chemicals (scent)

34
Q

Rod-like extensions - like grappling hooks

A

Fimbriae
Adhere to eachother and things in their environment
Disease-causing - affectability to adhere to host (especially if they lack the Slimy layer)

35
Q

Pili

A

allow cells to connect and exchange nucleic acids with one another
If one has antibiotic resistance - it can be exchanged with another

36
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

major structural polymer in most bacterial cell walls

37
Q

Gram negative cell walls

A

Have an thin peptidoglycan cell wall (inner membrane) which is like the PM
Then a Outer membrane surrounding that

Harder to disrupt - medications usually target the cell wall however, there is an additional structure protecting it

38
Q

Lipopolysacchardie in cell wall

A

Lipid A in this Lipopolysaccharide is very toxic and can cause shock and fevers in humans
Killing these molecules would therefore release this toxin - sometimes better just to deal with the general symptoms

39
Q

Gram-positive

A

has no outer membrane, thicker cell walls

40
Q

gram-positive cells remain ___

A

purple

41
Q

gram-negative cells are _____

A

pink

42
Q

Decolourizing agent

A

breaks down thin cell wall of gram negatives, causing stains to be washed away

43
Q

what Gram positive bacteria have very waxy cell walls that reject
crystal violet

A

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

44
Q

The Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining technique was used instead

A

Acid-fast bacteria – pink/red

Non-acid-fast - blue

45
Q

some bacteria can form endospores. This allows them to withstand ____

A

harsh conditions - go into hibernation

BMS 100 (37 decks)

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