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Rapid Fire Facts: High Yield DIT > foundations > Flashcards

foundations Flashcards

1
Q

most common cause of neural tube defects

A

folate deficiency (most common vitamin deficiency in US)

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2
Q

most common preventable cause of congenital malformations in US

A

alcohol use during pregnancy

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3
Q

most common cause of intellectual disability in infants

A

FAS

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4
Q

drooling farmer

A

organophosphate poisioning

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5
Q

amyloid plaques in grey matter

A

senile plaques in AD

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6
Q

medical treatment for pheochromocytoma

A

α antagonist

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7
Q

selective α1 antagonist used to treat BPH

A

tamulosin

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8
Q

continous, machine-like heart murmur

A

PDA

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9
Q

“boot-shaped heart”

A

tetralogy of fallot (kid) or RVH due to COPD or pulm HTN (adult)

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10
Q

rib notching

A

coarctation of aorta

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11
Q

most common congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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12
Q

most common congenital cause of early cyanosis

A

tetralogy of fallot

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13
Q

bounding pulses, head-bobbing, diastolic murmur

A

aortic regurgitation

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14
Q

bone enlargement (hat size), bone pain, arthritis

A

Paget disease of bone

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15
Q

vertebral compression fracture

A

osteoporosis

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16
Q

positive anterior draw test

A

ACL injury

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17
Q

swollen, hard painful finger joints

A

osteoarthritis

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18
Q

swollen, boggy painful finger joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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19
Q

cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath

A

osteoarthritis (eburnation)

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20
Q

types of polyarthritis

A

osteoarthritis

rheumatoid arthritis

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21
Q

types of monoarthritis

A

gout (one joint at a time)

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22
Q

swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint

A

gout (podgra)

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23
Q

positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystal

A

pseudogout

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24
Q

negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystal

A

gout

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25
Q

bamboo spine on xray

A

ankylosing spondylitis

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26
Q

HLA-B27

A

seronegative spondyloarthropathies

PAIR

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27
Q

anti-Smith + anti-dsDNA antibodies

A

SLE

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28
Q

anti-histone antibodies

A

drug-induced lupus

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29
Q

anti-centromere antibodies

A

CREST scleroderma (limited scleroderma) = Centromere

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30
Q

anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

diffuse scleroderma

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31
Q

anti-Jo-I antibodies

A

polymyositis or dermatomyositis

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32
Q

arthritis + dry eyes + dry mouth

A

sjogren syndrome

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33
Q

most common cause of death in SLE

A

lupus nephritis

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34
Q

anti-Ro or anti-La antibodies

A

sjogren syndrome
anti-Ro = SS-A
anti-La = SS-B

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35
Q

keratin pearls on skin biopsy

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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36
Q

most common malignant skin tumor

A

basal cell carcinoma

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37
Q

main artery of pelvis

A

internal illiac artery

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38
Q

main nerve of pelvis

A

pudendal nerve

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39
Q

“bag of worms” scrotum

A

varicocele due to dilation of pampiniform plexus

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40
Q

most common cancer in men

A

prostate cancer

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41
Q

most common cause of urinary obstruction in men

A

BPH

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42
Q

most common treatment of ED

A

phosphodiesterase inhibitors

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43
Q

hepatic adenoma

A

OCP use

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44
Q

“grape-like” vaginal tumor

A

sarcoma botryoides

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45
Q

koilocytes

A

HPV infection

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46
Q

most common benign tumor in women

A

leiomyoma

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47
Q

“chocolate cyst” of ovary

A

endometriosis

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48
Q

“powder burn” lesion

A

endometriosis

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49
Q

most common cause of infertility in women

A

PCOS

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50
Q

midcycle pelvic pain associated with ovulation

A

mittelschmerz

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51
Q

ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax (pleural effusion)

A

Meigs syndrome (fibroma ovarian tumor)

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52
Q

teratoma → hyperthryoidism

A

struma ovarii

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53
Q

“snowstorm” appearance on US

A

hyatidiform mole

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54
Q

most common genetic cause of ID

A

trisomy 21

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55
Q

second most common genetic cause of ID

A

fragile X syndrome

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56
Q

horseshoe kidney, congential heart defects, streak ovaries, cystic hygroma

A

turner syndrome

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57
Q

rocker bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly, prominent occiput, small jaw

A

trisomy 18

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58
Q

most common cancer in women in US

A

breast cancer

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59
Q

most common benign breast tumor

A

fibroadenoma

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60
Q

most common malignant breast cancer

A

invasive ductal carcinoma

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61
Q

“blue dome” in breast

A

fibrocystic change

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62
Q

treatment for ER+ breast cancer

A

tamoxifen

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63
Q

red, itchy, swollen rash on areola and nipple

A

Paget disease

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64
Q

branching, filamentous, G+ rods with sulfur granules

A

actinomyces israelii

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65
Q

standard treatment for T. pallidum

A

penicillin

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66
Q

cellulitis from cat or dog bite

A

Pasteurella multocida

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67
Q

painless, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion

A

chancre (1° syphilis)

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68
Q

moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion

A

condyloma lata (2° syphilis)

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69
Q

large bull’s-eye rash

A

erythema migrans (lyme disease)

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70
Q

associated with Ghon focus or Ghon complex hilar lymphdenopathy

A

primary TB

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71
Q

associated with lung infiltrate in the apical-posterior segments of upper lobes

A

reactivation TB

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72
Q

standard initial treatment regimen for TB

A 
RIPE
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
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73
Q

eczema, recurrent cold abscesses (not hot), high serum IgE

A

hyper IgE syndrome

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74
Q

large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils

A

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

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75
Q

depigmentation of substantia nigra (in BG)

A

parkinson disease

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76
Q

chorea, dementia, atrophy of caudate + putamen (in BG)

A

huntington disease

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77
Q

eosinophilic inculsion in cytoplasm of neurons

A

Lewy Bodies found in:
Parkinson disease
Lewy Body Dementia
Alzheimer disease (Lewy body type: NFT + plaques + lewy bodies)

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78
Q

adducting eye is unable to adduct (medial rectus palsy on affected side) and nystagmus in abducting eye on lateral gaze
normal convergence

A

internuclear opthalmoplegia (seen in MS)

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79
Q

degeneration of dorsal columns

A

tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)

80
Q

deymelinating disease in a young women

A

multiple sclerosis

81
Q

mixed UMN + LMN disease

A

ALS

82
Q

newborn with arm paralysis following difficult labor

A

erb-duchenne palsy

-dystocia

83
Q

most common cause of dementia

A

alzheimer’s disease

84
Q

second most common cause of dementia

A

vascular dementia

85
Q

extracellular amyloid deposits in grey matter

A

amyloid plaque (AD)

86
Q

intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorlated tau protein

A

neurofibrillary tangles (AD)

87
Q

intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain

A

Pick bodies (frontotemporal dementia)

88
Q

dysphagia, glossitis, IDA

A

plummer-vinson syndrome

89
Q

hematemesis with retching

A

mallory-weis tear

90
Q

mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

signet ring cell (gastric adenocarcinoma, LCIS)

91
Q

most common type of stomach cancer

A

gastric adenomcarcinoma

92
Q

bilateral ovarian mets from gastric cancer

A

krukenburg tumor

93
Q

gastric ulceration + high gastrin levels

A

zollinger-ellison syndrome

94
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma

A

cushing ulcer

95
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

curling ulcer

96
Q

weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, hyperpigmentation

A

whipple disease

97
Q

anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin antibodies

A

celiac disease

98
Q

most common surgical emergency

A

appendicitis

99
Q

severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness

A

McBurney’s point

100
Q

GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of mouth + hands

A

Peutz Jegher syndrome

101
Q

multiple colon polyps + osteomas + soft tissue tumors

A

Gardner syndrome

102
Q

“apple core” lesion on barium enema

A

colon cancer until proven otherwise

103
Q

visual hallucinations
repeated falls
syncopal episodes

A

lewy body dementia

104
Q

most common site of colonic diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

105
Q

“string sign” on contrast xray

A

chron’s disease

106
Q

“lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast x-ray

A

ulcerative colitis

107
Q

painless jaundice

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma in head of pancreas

108
Q

most common cause of acute pancreatitis

A

gallstone and alcohol

109
Q

most common cause of chronic pancreatitis

A

alcohol abuse

110
Q

severe hyperbilirubinemia in neonate

A

crigler-najjar syndrome type I

111
Q

mild, benign hyperbilrubinemia

A

gilbert syndrome

112
Q

bilateral bell’s palsy

A

Lyme disease or

guillan-barre syndrome

113
Q

TG accumulation in hepatocytes

A

fatty liver disease

114
Q

eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of hepatocytes

A 
mallory body (commonly due to chronic alcoholism)
other causes:
alcohol: alcoholic hepatitis
cirrhosis
wilson disease
1° biliary cirrhosis
HCC
115
Q

cancer closely linked to cirrhosis

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

116
Q

hepatomegaly, ascites, abdominal pain (no JVD)

A

wilson disease

117
Q

green/yellow corneal deposits

A

kayser-fleischer rings (wilson disease)

118
Q

low serum ceruloplasmin

A

wilson disease

119
Q

cirrhosis
diabetes
hyperpigmentation

A

hemachromatosis

120
Q

chronic sinusitis, infertility, situs inversus, bronchiectasis

A

Kartagener syndrome: primary ciliary dyskinesia

121
Q

elevated D dimer

A

DVT or PE

122
Q

hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood

A

virchow’s triad

123
Q

blue bloater

A

hypoxemia, hypercapnia:

chronic bronchitis

124
Q

pink puffer

A

dyspnea, hyperventilation:

emphysema

125
Q

curschmann spirals

A

shed epithelium from mucus plugs: asthma

126
Q

bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis

A

sarcoidosis

127
Q

vasculitis + glomerulonephritis

A

goodpasture syndrome or granulomatosis with polyangitis

128
Q

anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

goodpasture syndrome

129
Q

honeycomb lung on xray

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

130
Q

“tennis racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles

A

birbeck granules: langerhans cell histiocytosis (eosinophilic granulomas)

131
Q

iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)

132
Q

lung cancer associated with SIADH

A

small cell carcinoma

133
Q

tumor associated with horner syndrome

A

pancoast tumor

134
Q

lung cancer associated with hypercalcemia

A

squamous cell carcinoma

135
Q

lung cancer associated with cushing syndrome

A

small cell carcinoma

136
Q

lung cancer associated with weakness

A

small cell carcinoma (lambert-eaton syndrome)

137
Q

substances associated with lung cancer

A

smoking
coal mine: silica, radon (basement)
asbestos

138
Q

weightlifter with focal hemorrhages in small bowel due to

A

inguinal hernia (common in weightlifters)

139
Q

why is nitroglycerin used to treat angina (myocardial ischemia)

A

causes systemic venous vasodilation →↓ preload! → ↓ myocardial O2 demand (no effect on dilating coronary arteries - already maximally dilated by endogenous NO)

140
Q

chest pain, pericardial friction rub, persistent fever occurring several weeks after an MI

A

Dressler syndrome

141
Q

splinter hemorrhages under fingernails

A

infective endocarditis

142
Q

retinal hemorrhages with pale centers

A

roth spots (infective endocarditis)

143
Q

heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis

A

mitral valve

144
Q

heart valve most commonly involved in an IVDU with infective endocarditis

A

tricuspid valve

145
Q 
granulomatous nodules (granulomas) in heart
focal myocardial inflammation with multinucleate giant cells
A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic heart disease)

146
Q

most common primary cardiac tumor in adults

A

left atrial myxoma

147
Q

most common primary cardiac tumor in children

A

rhabdomyoma

148
Q

most common cause of constrictive pericarditis

A

lupus: US

developing countries: TB

149
Q

c-ANCA vasculitis

A

granulomatosis with polyangiitis (wegener’s)

150
Q

p-ANCA vasculitis

A

eosinophlic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (churg-straus)

microscopic polyangiitis

151
Q

treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans

A

stop smoking

152
Q

treatment for giant cell arteritis

A

high dose steroid for several months

153
Q

IVDU presents with chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea. what is most likely cause?

A

infective endocarditis of tricuspid valve → septic pulmonary emboli

154
Q

patient in MVA presents with chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea. what is most likely cause?

A

tension pneumothorax: air in pleural space

fat embolus

155
Q

post-op patient presents with chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea. what is most likely cause?

A

pulmonary embolism from DVT

156
Q

“currant jelly” sputum

A

Klebsiella

157
Q

osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease patient

A

salmonella

158
Q

“strawberry” cervis

A

trichomonas vaginalis

159
Q

clue cells

A

bacterial vaginosis from gardnerella vaginalis

160
Q

bacteria with “school of fish” appearance

A

Haemophilus ducreyi - causes chancroids

161
Q

boy with self-mutilating behavior, ID, gout

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

162
Q

orotic acid in urine + elevated serum ammonia

A

ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

163
Q

orotic acid in urine + normal serum ammonia

A

oritic aciduria

164
Q

megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate + vit B12

A

orotic aciduria

165
Q

cafe-au-lait spots

A

neurofibromatosis type 1

McCune-Albright syndrome

166
Q

most common cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

thryoidectomy

167
Q

most common cause of mets to brain

A 
lung
breast
skin (melanoma)
renal cell carcinoma
GI tract
168
Q

most common type of lysosomal storage disease

A

guacher disease

169
Q

most common cause of myocarditis

A

coxsackie virus

echovirus

170
Q

most common med for ADHD

A

methylphenidate

171
Q

most common class of medications for bulimia nervosa

A

SSRI: fluoxetine

172
Q

medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal

A

BZD

173
Q

most effective treatment for alcohol abuse

A

AA

174
Q

atrophy of mamillary bodies

A

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome (thiamine deficiency - B1)

175
Q

treatment of central DI (no ADH from hypothalamus)

A

intranasal desmopressin (ADH analog)

176
Q

treatment of nephrogenic DI (kidney doesn’t respond to ADH)

A

hydrochlorothiazide: ↑ H20 reabsorption in PT
indomethacin:
amiloride: block Na channel in principal cells

177
Q

treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI

A

amiloride - block Na channel in principal cells which is used by lithium

178
Q

subluxation of lens

A 
homocystinuria (downward lens dislocation)
marfan syndrome (upward lens dislocation)
179
Q

bluish-colored lines on gingivae

A

Burton’s lines (lead poisioning)

180
Q

treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia

A

vitamin D

181
Q

swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, spots on skin

A

scurvy: collagen synthesis defect (vitamin C deficiency)

182
Q

most common vitamin deficiency in US

A

folate

183
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia in vitamin B9 or B12

184
Q

dilated CM, edema, polyneuropathy

A

wet beriberi: thiamin deficiency (B1)

185
Q

infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopia

A

prolactinoma (pituitary adenoma)

186
Q

inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance

A

sheehan syndrome

187
Q

most common causes of cushing syndrome

A

exogenous steroid use
ectopic ACTH tumor (small cell lung cancer)
ACTH-pituitary adenoma (cushing disease)
adrenal adenoma secreting cortisol

188
Q

most common tumor of adrenal gland

A

benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma

189
Q

most common tumor of adrenal medulla in adult

A

pheochromocytoma

190
Q

most common tumor of adrenal medulla in kids

A

adrenal neuroblastoma

191
Q

most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism

A

adrenal adenoma

192
Q

treatment for hyperaldosteronism

A

spironolactone/eplerenone

193
Q

treatment for pheochromocytoma

A

nonselective α blocker: phenoxybenzamine

194
Q

pheochromocytoma
medullary thyroid cancer
hyperparathyroidism

A

MEN 2A

195
Q

pheochromocytoma
medullary thyroid cancer
nucosal neuroma

A

MEN 2B

196
Q

adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation

A

1° adrenal insufficiency: addison

197
Q

HTN
hypokalemia
metabolic alkalosis

A

hyperaldosteronism: Conn syndrome

Rapid Fire Facts: High Yield DIT (2 decks)

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