foundations Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
most common cause of neural tube defects
A
folate deficiency (most common vitamin deficiency in US)
2
Q
most common preventable cause of congenital malformations in US
A
alcohol use during pregnancy
3
Q
most common cause of intellectual disability in infants
A
FAS
4
Q
drooling farmer
A
organophosphate poisioning
5
Q
amyloid plaques in grey matter
A
senile plaques in AD
6
Q
medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
A
α antagonist
7
Q
selective α1 antagonist used to treat BPH
A
tamulosin
8
Q
continous, machine-like heart murmur
A
PDA
9
Q
“boot-shaped heart”
A
tetralogy of fallot (kid) or RVH due to COPD or pulm HTN (adult)
10
Q
rib notching
A
coarctation of aorta
11
Q
most common congenital cardiac anomaly
A
VSD
12
Q
most common congenital cause of early cyanosis
A
tetralogy of fallot
13
Q
bounding pulses, head-bobbing, diastolic murmur
A
aortic regurgitation
14
Q
bone enlargement (hat size), bone pain, arthritis
A
Paget disease of bone
15
Q
vertebral compression fracture
A
osteoporosis
16
Q
positive anterior draw test
A
ACL injury
17
Q
swollen, hard painful finger joints
A
osteoarthritis
18
Q
swollen, boggy painful finger joints
A
rheumatoid arthritis
19
Q
cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath
A
osteoarthritis (eburnation)
20
Q
types of polyarthritis
A
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
21
Q
types of monoarthritis
A
gout (one joint at a time)
22
Q
swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
A
gout (podgra)
23
Q
positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystal
A
pseudogout
24
Q
negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystal
A
gout
25
bamboo spine on xray
ankylosing spondylitis
26
HLA-B27
seronegative spondyloarthropathies
| PAIR
27
anti-Smith + anti-dsDNA antibodies
SLE
28
anti-histone antibodies
drug-induced lupus
29
anti-centromere antibodies
CREST scleroderma (limited scleroderma) = Centromere
30
anti-topoisomerase antibodies
diffuse scleroderma
31
anti-Jo-I antibodies
polymyositis or dermatomyositis
32
arthritis + dry eyes + dry mouth
sjogren syndrome
33
most common cause of death in SLE
lupus nephritis
34
anti-Ro or anti-La antibodies
sjogren syndrome
anti-Ro = SS-A
anti-La = SS-B
35
keratin pearls on skin biopsy
squamous cell carcinoma
36
most common malignant skin tumor
basal cell carcinoma
37
main artery of pelvis
internal illiac artery
38
main nerve of pelvis
pudendal nerve
39
"bag of worms" scrotum
varicocele due to dilation of pampiniform plexus
40
most common cancer in men
prostate cancer
41
most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
BPH
42
most common treatment of ED
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
43
hepatic adenoma
OCP use
44
"grape-like" vaginal tumor
sarcoma botryoides
45
koilocytes
HPV infection
46
most common benign tumor in women
leiomyoma
47
"chocolate cyst" of ovary
endometriosis
48
"powder burn" lesion
endometriosis
49
most common cause of infertility in women
PCOS
50
midcycle pelvic pain associated with ovulation
mittelschmerz
51
ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax (pleural effusion)
Meigs syndrome (fibroma ovarian tumor)
52
teratoma → hyperthryoidism
struma ovarii
53
"snowstorm" appearance on US
hyatidiform mole
54
most common genetic cause of ID
trisomy 21
55
second most common genetic cause of ID
fragile X syndrome
56
horseshoe kidney, congential heart defects, streak ovaries, cystic hygroma
turner syndrome
57
rocker bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly, prominent occiput, small jaw
trisomy 18
58
most common cancer in women in US
breast cancer
59
most common benign breast tumor
fibroadenoma
60
most common malignant breast cancer
invasive ductal carcinoma
61
"blue dome" in breast
fibrocystic change
62
treatment for ER+ breast cancer
tamoxifen
63
red, itchy, swollen rash on areola and nipple
Paget disease
64
branching, filamentous, G+ rods with sulfur granules
actinomyces israelii
65
standard treatment for T. pallidum
penicillin
66
cellulitis from cat or dog bite
Pasteurella multocida
67
painless, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
chancre (1° syphilis)
68
moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
condyloma lata (2° syphilis)
69
large bull's-eye rash
erythema migrans (lyme disease)
70
associated with Ghon focus or Ghon complex hilar lymphdenopathy
primary TB
71
associated with lung infiltrate in the apical-posterior segments of upper lobes
reactivation TB
72
standard initial treatment regimen for TB
```
RIPE
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
```
73
eczema, recurrent cold abscesses (not hot), high serum IgE
hyper IgE syndrome
74
large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
75
depigmentation of substantia nigra (in BG)
parkinson disease
76
chorea, dementia, atrophy of caudate + putamen (in BG)
huntington disease
77
eosinophilic inculsion in cytoplasm of neurons
Lewy Bodies found in:
Parkinson disease
Lewy Body Dementia
Alzheimer disease (Lewy body type: NFT + plaques + lewy bodies)
78
adducting eye is unable to adduct (medial rectus palsy on affected side) and nystagmus in abducting eye on lateral gaze
normal convergence
internuclear opthalmoplegia (seen in MS)
79
degeneration of dorsal columns
tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)
80
deymelinating disease in a young women
multiple sclerosis
81
mixed UMN + LMN disease
ALS
82
newborn with arm paralysis following difficult labor
erb-duchenne palsy
| -dystocia
83
most common cause of dementia
alzheimer's disease
84
second most common cause of dementia
vascular dementia
85
extracellular amyloid deposits in grey matter
amyloid plaque (AD)
86
intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorlated tau protein
neurofibrillary tangles (AD)
87
intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain
Pick bodies (frontotemporal dementia)
88
dysphagia, glossitis, IDA
plummer-vinson syndrome
89
hematemesis with retching
mallory-weis tear
90
mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
signet ring cell (gastric adenocarcinoma, LCIS)
91
most common type of stomach cancer
gastric adenomcarcinoma
92
bilateral ovarian mets from gastric cancer
krukenburg tumor
93
gastric ulceration + high gastrin levels
zollinger-ellison syndrome
94
acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
cushing ulcer
95
acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
curling ulcer
96
weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, hyperpigmentation
whipple disease
97
anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin antibodies
celiac disease
98
most common surgical emergency
appendicitis
99
severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney's point
100
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of mouth + hands
Peutz Jegher syndrome
101
multiple colon polyps + osteomas + soft tissue tumors
Gardner syndrome
102
"apple core" lesion on barium enema
colon cancer until proven otherwise
103
visual hallucinations
repeated falls
syncopal episodes
lewy body dementia
104
most common site of colonic diverticula
sigmoid colon
105
"string sign" on contrast xray
chron's disease
106
"lead pipe" appearance of colon on contrast x-ray
ulcerative colitis
107
painless jaundice
pancreatic adenocarcinoma in head of pancreas
108
most common cause of acute pancreatitis
gallstone and alcohol
109
most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
alcohol abuse
110
severe hyperbilirubinemia in neonate
crigler-najjar syndrome type I
111
mild, benign hyperbilrubinemia
gilbert syndrome
112
bilateral bell's palsy
Lyme disease or
| guillan-barre syndrome
113
TG accumulation in hepatocytes
fatty liver disease
114
eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of hepatocytes
```
mallory body (commonly due to chronic alcoholism)
other causes:
alcohol: alcoholic hepatitis
cirrhosis
wilson disease
1° biliary cirrhosis
HCC
```
115
cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma
116
hepatomegaly, ascites, abdominal pain (no JVD)
wilson disease
117
green/yellow corneal deposits
kayser-fleischer rings (wilson disease)
118
low serum ceruloplasmin
wilson disease
119
cirrhosis
diabetes
hyperpigmentation
hemachromatosis
120
chronic sinusitis, infertility, situs inversus, bronchiectasis
Kartagener syndrome: primary ciliary dyskinesia
121
elevated D dimer
DVT or PE
122
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
virchow's triad
123
blue bloater
hypoxemia, hypercapnia:
| chronic bronchitis
124
pink puffer
dyspnea, hyperventilation:
| emphysema
125
curschmann spirals
shed epithelium from mucus plugs: asthma
126
bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
sarcoidosis
127
vasculitis + glomerulonephritis
goodpasture syndrome or granulomatosis with polyangitis
128
anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
goodpasture syndrome
129
honeycomb lung on xray
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
130
"tennis racket" shaped cytoplasmic organelles
birbeck granules: langerhans cell histiocytosis (eosinophilic granulomas)
131
iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)
132
lung cancer associated with SIADH
small cell carcinoma
133
tumor associated with horner syndrome
pancoast tumor
134
lung cancer associated with hypercalcemia
squamous cell carcinoma
135
lung cancer associated with cushing syndrome
small cell carcinoma
136
lung cancer associated with weakness
small cell carcinoma (lambert-eaton syndrome)
137
substances associated with lung cancer
smoking
coal mine: silica, radon (basement)
asbestos
138
weightlifter with focal hemorrhages in small bowel due to
inguinal hernia (common in weightlifters)
139
why is nitroglycerin used to treat angina (myocardial ischemia)
causes systemic venous vasodilation →↓ preload! → ↓ myocardial O2 demand (no effect on dilating coronary arteries - already maximally dilated by endogenous NO)
140
chest pain, pericardial friction rub, persistent fever occurring several weeks after an MI
Dressler syndrome
141
splinter hemorrhages under fingernails
infective endocarditis
142
retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
roth spots (infective endocarditis)
143
heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis
mitral valve
144
heart valve most commonly involved in an IVDU with infective endocarditis
tricuspid valve
145
```
granulomatous nodules (granulomas) in heart
focal myocardial inflammation with multinucleate giant cells
```
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic heart disease)
146
most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
left atrial myxoma
147
most common primary cardiac tumor in children
rhabdomyoma
148
most common cause of constrictive pericarditis
lupus: US
| developing countries: TB
149
c-ANCA vasculitis
granulomatosis with polyangiitis (wegener's)
150
p-ANCA vasculitis
eosinophlic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (churg-straus)
| microscopic polyangiitis
151
treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans
stop smoking
152
treatment for giant cell arteritis
high dose steroid for several months
153
IVDU presents with chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea. what is most likely cause?
infective endocarditis of tricuspid valve → septic pulmonary emboli
154
patient in MVA presents with chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea. what is most likely cause?
tension pneumothorax: air in pleural space
| fat embolus
155
post-op patient presents with chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea. what is most likely cause?
pulmonary embolism from DVT
156
"currant jelly" sputum
Klebsiella
157
osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease patient
salmonella
158
"strawberry" cervis
trichomonas vaginalis
159
clue cells
bacterial vaginosis from gardnerella vaginalis
160
bacteria with "school of fish" appearance
Haemophilus ducreyi - causes chancroids
161
boy with self-mutilating behavior, ID, gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
162
orotic acid in urine + elevated serum ammonia
ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
163
orotic acid in urine + normal serum ammonia
oritic aciduria
164
megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate + vit B12
orotic aciduria
165
cafe-au-lait spots
neurofibromatosis type 1
| McCune-Albright syndrome
166
most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
thryoidectomy
167
most common cause of mets to brain
```
lung
breast
skin (melanoma)
renal cell carcinoma
GI tract
```
168
most common type of lysosomal storage disease
guacher disease
169
most common cause of myocarditis
coxsackie virus
| echovirus
170
most common med for ADHD
methylphenidate
171
most common class of medications for bulimia nervosa
SSRI: fluoxetine
172
medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal
BZD
173
most effective treatment for alcohol abuse
AA
174
atrophy of mamillary bodies
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome (thiamine deficiency - B1)
175
treatment of central DI (no ADH from hypothalamus)
intranasal desmopressin (ADH analog)
176
treatment of nephrogenic DI (kidney doesn't respond to ADH)
hydrochlorothiazide: ↑ H20 reabsorption in PT
indomethacin:
amiloride: block Na channel in principal cells
177
treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
amiloride - block Na channel in principal cells which is used by lithium
178
subluxation of lens
```
homocystinuria (downward lens dislocation)
marfan syndrome (upward lens dislocation)
```
179
bluish-colored lines on gingivae
Burton's lines (lead poisioning)
180
treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia
vitamin D
181
swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, spots on skin
scurvy: collagen synthesis defect (vitamin C deficiency)
182
most common vitamin deficiency in US
folate
183
hypersegmented neutrophils
megaloblastic anemia in vitamin B9 or B12
184
dilated CM, edema, polyneuropathy
wet beriberi: thiamin deficiency (B1)
185
infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopia
prolactinoma (pituitary adenoma)
186
inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
sheehan syndrome
187
most common causes of cushing syndrome
exogenous steroid use
ectopic ACTH tumor (small cell lung cancer)
ACTH-pituitary adenoma (cushing disease)
adrenal adenoma secreting cortisol
188
most common tumor of adrenal gland
benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma
189
most common tumor of adrenal medulla in adult
pheochromocytoma
190
most common tumor of adrenal medulla in kids
adrenal neuroblastoma
191
most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
adrenal adenoma
192
treatment for hyperaldosteronism
spironolactone/eplerenone
193
treatment for pheochromocytoma
nonselective α blocker: phenoxybenzamine
194
pheochromocytoma
medullary thyroid cancer
hyperparathyroidism
MEN 2A
195
pheochromocytoma
medullary thyroid cancer
nucosal neuroma
MEN 2B
196
adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation
1° adrenal insufficiency: addison
197
HTN
hypokalemia
metabolic alkalosis
hyperaldosteronism: Conn syndrome
