Fractures & Traumatic Injuries (midterm) Flashcards by Julia Gumirov

Epiphyseal fractures have a salter harris fracture classification system. What are the types?

type 1-5

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T/F: epiphyseal fractures are with kids only

true

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Which Salter Harris fracture type is an isolated fracture through the growth plate?

type 1

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Which Salter Harris fracture type is a fracture through a displaced growth plate that carries a corner of the metaphysis with it?

type 2

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What is the metaphyseal fragment called in a type 2 Salter Harris fracture?

Thurston Holland sign

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Which Salter Harris fracture type is the fracture line directed along the growth plate and turns towards the epiphysis?

type 3

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Which Salter Harris fracture type is obliquely oriented, vertical fracture that passes through the epiphysis and growth plate?

type 4

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What is the least common Salter Harris fracture type?

type 5

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What is the most common Salter Harris fracture type?

type 2

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Which Salter Harris fracture type results from a compressive deformity of the growth plate?

type 5

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What is the mnemonic for Salter Harris fracture types?

SALTR
-S= same or straight across for type 1, fracture of the cartilage of the physis (growth plate)
-A= above for type 2, fracture lies above the physis
-L= lower for type 3, the fracture is below the physis in the epiphysis
-T= through for type 4, the fracture is through the metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis
-R= rammed/crushed for type 5, the physis has been crushed

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What is the other name for greenstick fracture?

hickory stick fracture

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Which fracture is commonly seen in children under the age of 10 years old?

greenstick fracture

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What fracture has the bone bend applying pressure to the convex side producing a transverse fracture with the concave side remaining intact?

greenstick fracture

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What fracture is commonly seen with a greenstick fracture?

torus fracture (opposite side buckles)

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What is this?

greenstick fracture on ulna, torus fracture on radius

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What is this?

torus fracture of radius

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What is another name for Jefferson fracture?

bursting fracture

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What fracture is this?
-fracture through anterior and posterior arches
-lateral masses spread apart
-increased peri-odontoid space
-associated with rupture of transverse ligament

Jefferson/bursting fracture

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Which fracture is caused by axial loading and results in a burst of C1 ring?

Jefferson/bursting fracture

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What fracture has this mechanism of injury (MOI)?
-compression force applied to the skull resulting in lateral displacement of the atlas and lateral masses

Jefferson/bursting fracture

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What fracture has an overhanging margin sign(unilateral or bilateral) ?

Jefferson/bursting fracture

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What is this?

overhanging margin sign bilaterally so Jefferson/bursting fracture

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What is this?

bilateral overhanging margin sign and increased periodontal space= Jefferson/bursting fracture

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What is this?

unilateral Jefferson/bursting fracture

What is the most common injury of the cervical spine?

hangman's fracture

What fracture is caused by traumatic spondylothesis?

hangman's fracture

What fracture is a bipedicular fracture of C2? test q

hangman's fracture

What fracture is associated with an anterior displacement of C2 and C3?

hangman's fracture

What fracture has this MOI? -usually MVA with abrupt deceleration -fracture occurs during hyperextension and rotary force

hangman's fracture

A prevertebral hemorrhage is frequently present with what fractures?

hangman's fracture this increases the retropharyngeal interspace and may compromise the airway

What fracture has an atlas fracture 25% of the time along side?

hangman's fracture

What is this?

irregular fracture line in pedicle of C2, which is also slightly anteriorly displaced from C3= hangman's fracture

What is this?

hangman's fracture

What is this?

hangman's fracture

What is this?

hangman's fracture

What fracture is this? -an avulsion fracture of a triangular fragment from the anteroinferior corner of the C2 body

tear drop fracture

What is the MOI of a tear drop fracture?

hyper-extension

A tear drop fracture is commonly seen with what fracture?

hangman's fracture

What is this?

tear drop fracture

What type of odontoid fracture is this? -odontoid tip -avulsion of tip is uncommon

type 1

What type of odontoid fracture is this? -odontoid base (fracture at the junction of odontoid process and body of C2)

type 2

What is the most common odontoid fracture type?

type 2

Which odontoid fracture type is the least likely to heal?

type 2

What type of odontoid fracture is this? -odontoid base with extension into the body

type 3

Which odontoid fracture type heals the best?

type 3

Which odontoid fracture type is the most stable?

type 3

_______________ ligament ruptures causes a potential for cord compression. _____________ fracture results in less compression of the spinal cord. Therefore, rupture of this ligament is life threatening

Transverse, Odontoid

What is this? -radiolucent gap between dens and body, too large to be a fracture and the margins of the base are smooth (dens fracture margin would be jagged and a bone scan would be positive with a fracture, also associated with dens tilting) -a developmental failure of the dens to unite with the body of the odontoid -appears different than an acute fracture

os odontoideum (basically cartilage remains and does not fully ossify)

What is the most common fracture of the lumbar spine? test q

vertebral body compression fracture

What fracture is this? -sharp, triangular, anterior wedging of superior end plate -anterior body height 3mm

vertebral body compression fracture

What are the 3 types of vertebral body compression fractures?

wedge, biconcave, and vertebral plana

What are the grades of vertebral body compression fractures?

0-3 0= normal 3= severe fracture

What vertebral body compression fracture is this? -loss of anterior body height -most commonly happens with osteoporosis

wedge fracture

What vertebral body compression fracture is this? -looks like a fish -vertebral body caves inward -most commonly happens with osteomalacia

biconcave fracture

What vertebral body compression fracture is this? -loss of anterior and posterior body height -worst type of vertebral body fracture -happens with pathologies like cancer -if its severe stages then it'll look like a flat pancake

vertebral plana fracture

What is this?

wedge fracture

What is this?

biconcave fracture

What is this?

wedge fracture

What is a step defect?

-seen on lateral view -represents failure of the anterior superior cortex of the vertebral body -as the superior endplate gets compressed and shifts forward, the anterior cortex fails and creates a step -this looks like a step like recess in normal 6-8 y/o, BUT a step DEFECT is not normal and is seen in fractures

What is the other name for Clay-Shoveler's fracture?

coal miners fracture

What is a SP avulsion fracture called?

Clay-Shoveler's fracture/ coal miners fracture

Where is a Clay-Shoveler's fracture/ coal miners fracture usually?

C7 (can also be seen at C6 or T1)

What fracture would show a double spinous sign on an AP view?

Clay-Shoveler's fracture/ coal miners fracture

What is the MOI for a Clay-Shoveler's fracture/ coal miners fracture?

abrupt flexion

What is this?

Clay-Shoveler's fracture/ coal miners fracture at C7

What is this?

double spinous sign= Clay-Shoveler's fracture/ coal miners fracture

What are the other names for bilateral interfacetal dislocation?

hopped facets or internal decapitation

What is this? -body of segment is displaced anteriorly -superior facets are posterior to inferior facets of vertebra above

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

Where is bilateral interfacetal dislocation most commonly seen?

C4-C7

What has this MOI? -severe hyperflexion injury -axial compression -complete disruption of the ligaments and forward displacement of one vertebra over another allows the inferior articular facets of the superior adjacent vertebra to dislocate into the IVF -PLL, ALL, and disc become disrupted -allows the superior vertebra to become dislocated by 50% of its body width

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

What is this?

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

What fracture has a naked facet sign?

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

What is this?

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

What fracture has a bowtie sign?

unilateral facet dislocation

What is this?

unilateral facet dislocation

What is another name for chance fracture?

lap seatbelt fracture

What fracture is this? -transverse fracture through pedicles, pars, lamina, and SP -superior angulation of superior portion of fractured vertebra

chance fracture

What is this?

bilateral interfacetal dislocation

What fracture has this MOI? -MVA with seatbelt acting as a fulcrum -hyperflexion over fulcrum

chance fracture

What fracture has an empty vertebra sign?

chance fracture

What is this?

empty vertebra sign= chance fracture

What is the 2nd most common fracture of the lumbar spine?

TP fracture

What fracture has this MOI? -hyperextension with contralateral lateral flexion

TP fracture

Which fracture is an avulsion of paraspinal muscles?

TP fracture

What is this?

TP fracture

What is this?

TP fracture

What is this?

TP fracture

What are the 2 types of proximal femur fractures?

intracapsular and extracapsular

What are the 3 intracapsular proximal femur fractures?

1) subcapital 2) midcervical 3) basicervical

What is the most common proximal femur fracture?

subcapital

What are the 3 extracapsular proximal femur fractures?

1) intertrochanteric 2) trochanteric 3) subtrochanteric

What are the 2 types of presentations for a subcapital fracture?

angular or impaction

A sail sign/fat pad sign is most common with what fracture?

radial head fracture for adults supracondylar fracture in kids

When is a sail sign/fat pad sign seen?

during inflammation/swelling for a radial head fracture

What is this?

sail sign/fat pad sign of radius

What is this?

radial head fracture

What are the 2 types of wrist fractures?

colle's fracture and smith's fracture

What is the most common wrist fracture?

colle's fracture

What fracture is a fracture of the distal radius with posterior angulation of the distal fragment (displaced to posterior) and is associated with a fall on an outstretched hand?

colle's fracture

What fracture has a dinner fork deformity?

colle's fracture

What is this?

colle's fracture

What fracture is a fracture of the distal radius with anterior/ventral angulation of the distal fragment and is associated with a direct blow to the wrist in hyperflexion?

smith's fracture

What fracture is known as a reversed colle's fracture?

smith's fracture

What is this?