Fri aug 21

Question 1

What is attrition bias?

Answer 1

Bias that occurs due to loss of follow up (in a way that affects the study)

Question 2

what type of bias is attrition bias?

Answer 2

a type of selection bias

Question 3

when chronic kidney disease becomes advanced, what complication should you expect?

Answer 3

anion gap metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

Question 4

what would an autopsy of a heart with dilated cardiomyopathy show?

Answer 4

grossly enlarged heart

Question 5

what would an autopsy of a heart with hyerptrophic cardiomyopathy show?

Answer 5

asymmetric enlargement of the left ventricle

Question 6

what type of reaction is the arthus reaction?

Answer 6

type III - immune complex deposition

Question 7

what type of reaction is serum sickness?

Answer 7

type III - immune complex deposition

Question 8

what does CD28 on t cells bind to on langerhans cells?

Answer 8

CD80

Question 9

what is the significance of CD28 on t cells binding to CD80?

Answer 9

this is a costimulatory signal for t cell activation

Question 10

which cells have CD80 (B7)?

Answer 10

antigen presenting cells

Question 11

what cells have CD28?

Answer 11

t cells

Question 12

what is the lowest part of the pelvis?

Answer 12

the pouch of douglas

Question 13

if the ampulla of fallopian tube ruptures, where does fluid collect?

Answer 13

pouch of douglas, due to gravity

Question 14

moa of sulfasalazine?

Answer 14

inhibits production of prostaglandins

Question 15

which arteries supply to parathyroids?

Answer 15

the inferior thyroid arteries

Question 16

where do the inferior thyroid arteries come from?

Answer 16

thyrocervical trunk

Question 17

what is herpangina?

Answer 17

childhood illness with painful mouth blisters

Question 18

what causes herpangina?

Answer 18

coxsackie A

Question 19

how do statins effect HDL?

Answer 19

increase

Question 20

how do statins effect cholesterol, VLDL and triglycerides?

Answer 20

decrease

Question 21

how does total systemic vascular resistance change during excercise?

Answer 21

it actually DECREASE due to arteriolar vasodilation in muscles

Question 22

which drug can cause hypertriglyceridemia (out of drugs aimed at lowering cholesterol)?

Answer 22

bile acid resins

Question 23

what arecholesryamine, Colestipol,

Colesevelem?

Answer 23

bile acid resins

Question 24

eczitimide MOA?

Answer 24

blocks intestinal absorption of cholesterol

Question 25

fibrates MOA ?

Answer 25

ACTIVATE PPARalpha -> increase LDL receptors on liver ->decreased cholesterol in blood

Question 26

inheritance of Duchennes and Beckers?

Answer 26

X linked

Question 27

what kind of mutation causes duchennes muscular dystrophy?

Answer 27

frameshift mutation or nonsense -> truncated dystrophin

Question 28

what kind of mutation causes becker muscular dystrophy?

Answer 28

non frame shift -> partially functional dystrophin

Question 29

inheritance of myotonic type I muscular dystrophy?

Answer 29

AD - CTG trinucleotide repeat

Question 30

steps in collagen synthesis

Answer 30

- start with preprocollagen - hydroxylation of proline and lysine (vit C) - glycosylation - triple helic formation -> procollagen - exocytosis - cleavage of procollagen C and N terminals -> tropocollagen - formation of cross-links -> collagen fiber

Question 31

what step of collagen synthesis is deficient in scurvy?

Answer 31

hydroxulation of proline and lysine residues - requires vit C

Question 32

where does hydrolxylation, and glycosolatuion of preprocollagen occur?

Answer 32

in the RER

Question 33

if you can't undergo glycosolation, what will be impaired in collagen synthesis?

Answer 33

the formation of the triple helix (procollagen)

Question 34

what disorder has defective glycosylation and thus impaired formation of the triple helix (procollagen)?

Answer 34

osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 35

which disorder has problems with the extracellular cleavage of procollagen - > tropocollagen (the cleavage of the N and C terminals)?

Answer 35

ehlers danlos

Question 36

which disordres have problems with the extracellular croslsining of tropocollagen ( formation of colagen fiber)?

Answer 36

ehlers danlos and menkes disease

Question 37

where in the collagen synthesis pathway are the defects in ehlers danlos?

Answer 37

-cleavage of N and C terminals forming tropocollagen from procollagen OR formation of cross-links forming the collagen fiber

Question 38

which enzyme is needed for the formation of cross links and formation of the collagen fiber?

Answer 38

lysyl oxidase