fundamentalism

Question 1

fundamentalism

Answer 1

literal interpretation of their faith and seek to go back to tradition

Question 2

what two reasons do ppl become fundamentalist

Answer 2

in west - provoked by social change for example due to globalisation, liberal attitudes

in third world - due to western influences trying to enforce change through external forces(govt, politics, capitalism)

Question 3

7 features of fundamentalism

Answer 3

• sacred texts
• patriarchy
• prophecy
• us vs them mentality - post modernism = cultural chaos
• use of modern technology
• conspiracy theory
• agressive reaction

Question 4

example of funadmentalist group in west

Answer 4

new christian right - hate social change regarding family diversity and gender
hate same sex marriage

Question 5

example of fundamentalism in third world

Answer 5

saudia arabia - under sharia law it was frowned upon for women to drive but got over turned by western influences

Question 6

why does fundamentalism occur according to Davie

Answer 6

because traditions are under threat by modernity and they feel need to defend themselves

great uncertainity in life now that there is modern society - resets truth about what is right/wrong

Question 7

Giddens on why there is fundamentalism in third world

Answer 7

reaction to globalisation which undermines traditional values
hate cosmopolitanism (being open and liberal towards new ideas and rational thinking)

Question 8

who talks about resistance personality

Answer 8

baumen and castell

Question 9

what country has benefitted from globalisation and is still religious

Answer 9

india

Question 10

Nanda

Answer 10

majority of india still religious - 70%

globalisation increased religious tourism - visiting shrines and temples

• fashionable to be religious

Question 11

how has globalisation helped india

Answer 11

• economic growth
• helped them become important player in world politics
• helped educate population

Question 12

huntington overview

Answer 12

religious differences create hostile environment of us vs them relationship

• that is harder to resolve because it is deep rooted in culture and history

Question 13

what example does huntington talk about - religious conflicts

Answer 13

islamic religion been at centre of global conflicts such as 9/11

• western political forces and media influences create divide within islamic culture and east feel threatened by this
• globalisation made religious idenity have less influence and national identity on rise

Question 14

what is reducing religious identity in favour of national identity

Answer 14

globalisation

Question 15

Davie evaluating Huntington

Answer 15

fundamentalism doesnt have to be religious - Yugoslavia in early 90s communism fell apart and became non religious fundamentalist group who justified ethnic cleansing

Question 16

Horrie and Chippindale on huntington

Answer 16

grossly misleading
- portrays islam as an enemy
- only tiny population of muslims believe in holy war

Question 17

how does Aldridge see fundamentalists when they say they are not interpreting the bible

Answer 17

they are still interpreting the bible but as complete historical fact and prophecies

Question 18

explain aggressive reaction as a feature of fundamentalism

Answer 18

their movement aims to draw attention to the threat to their beliefs through aggression and shock
- to intimidate or cause harm

Question 19

who talks about cosmopolitanism and what is this

Answer 19

giddens
- a way of thinking that embraces modernity and tolerant of others
- lifestyle that is personal choice - not prescribed by external religious or other authority

Question 20

what two ways does Castells identify as responses to post modernity

Answer 20

resistance personality - defensive reaction of those who feel threatened and retreat into fundamentalist communities

project identity - response from those who are forward looking and engage with social movements such as feminism

Question 21

how does beckford criticise post modernists such as Giddens, Castells and Bauman

Answer 21

• distinguish too sharply between cosmopolitanism and fundamentalism - ignore hybrid movements
• lumps all fundamentalists together and ignores important differences

Question 22

explain Bruces views on fundamentalism and monotheism

Answer 22

fundamentalism is confined to monotheistic religions such as abrahamic ones as opposed to religions such as hinduism
- because monotheistic religions believe in a single authoritative text which contains word of god unlike polytheistic religions that have no single text so there is so much more scope for diff interpretations
- hinduism is often described as being a collection of religions rather than just one

Question 23

what is Davies first phase of fundamentalism

Answer 23

first phase gave rise to religious fundamentalism
- enlightenment in late 18th century to 1960s
religious fund became reaction to this secularisation movement that encouraged scientific belief and reason

-

Question 24

what is Davies second phase of fundamentalism

Answer 24

second phase grave rise to secular fundamentalism
- since 1970s due to growing pessimisms and uncertainty. changes of globalisation, concerns for environment
- now less faith in secular ideologies such as rationalism and liberalism (and marxism in Eastern Europe due to collapse of communism)
- example of France using secularism as an excuse to preserve cultural identity and be racist

Question 25

Huntington sees the problem not as islamic fundamentalism, but as islam itself. explain this

Answer 25

‘clash of civilisations’ and creation of hostile us vs them culture.
religion is a harder problem to solve than political ones due to it being deeply rooted in culture and history
- due to nation states less significant as an identity - so religion fills this gap
- globalisation has increased this contact between diff civilisations

Question 26

who says he sees history as a struggle of ‘progress against barbarism’

Answer 26

huntington

Question 27

Huntington thinks the west is under threat from islam and the West need to

Answer 27

reassert its identity as a liberal-democratic christian civilisation

Question 28

what does Jackson see Huntingtons work an example of

Answer 28

orientalism - western ideology that stereotypes eastern nations and muslims as untrustworthy and fanatical ‘others’ to justify exploitation and human rights abuse by west

Question 29

Casanova says Huntington ignores divisions between the civilisations he identifies such as

Answer 29

sunni and shia muslims

Question 30

how can religion serve as a cultural defence and unite a community against an external threat
(Poland)

Answer 30

Poland - under communist rule for 40s to 1989
- Catholic Church surpassed but continued to embody polish national identity
- served as popular rallying point for opposition to soviets and helped bring an end
- still has significant part in politics today

Question 31

how can religion serve as a cultural defence and unite a community against an external threat
(Iran)

Answer 31

• islam became focus of resistance to Shahs regime (policy of modernisation and westernisation that banned veil and muslim calendar - and widened poverty gap)

Question 32

Globalisation created prosperous MC in India who are in biotech and pharmacy sectors. predicted first to be secular but what did Nanda find

Answer 32

becoming more religious
- 30% said they are becoming more religious vs 5% less
- found urban educated Indians are more supernatural than illiterate poor
- becoming fashionable to be religious

Question 33

why does nanda think MC are increasingly religious in India

Answer 33

optimistic about future of globalisation
- the result of their ambivalence (uncertainty) about their newfound wealth
- ambivalence due to tenison between trad hind belief in renunciation of material wealth, and new prosperity