Gaining cooperation of the localities - part 2 Flashcards Preview

ZR's Rebellion and Disorder under the Tudors, 1485-1603 > Gaining cooperation of the localities - part 2 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Gaining cooperation of the localities - part 2 Deck (38)
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1
Q

What was the main central court and where was it based?

A

Court of kings bench - based in London. Prosecuted cases on behalf of the king and his laws

2
Q

How were JPs selected?

A
  • Did not have to be a resident of the region
  • Monarch inserted members of their court as JPs
  • Had have land worth at leas £20 p/a
  • Formed a quorum - group of jps present at meetings
  • Some appointed because they were lawyers
3
Q

What did Jps do and how often were they appointed?

A

Annually for each county.

  • Kept law and order
  • Could arrest potential suspects
  • Could hear and decide on cases of felony and trespass
  • Had to attend sessions 4X a year to perform their role
4
Q

How and why did Henry VII begin the extension of powers of JPs?

A
  • He was a usurper so vulnerable to rebellions and needed law and order.
  • Appointed trusted members of his court - eg Sir Thomas Lovell in Yorkshire and Sussex.
  • Act of Parliament 1495 - allowed JPs to act on info recieved without waiting for jury to be summoned
5
Q

What attitudes did TW and TC have towards JPs in Henry VIII’s reign?

A

Expected them to enforce the reformations. Wanted to improve local justice. TW summoned JPs to hear a speach and fill in a 21Q questionnaire on law+order in their region.

6
Q

What roles did JPs take in Edward’s reign?

A

Social disorder - key fear e.g 1549 rebllion, 1549 JPs took an inventory of parish goods in order to expose those who had illegally taken them and then prosecuted them

7
Q

What roles did JPs take in Mary’s reign?

A

More responsibility, Ale houses had to be licensed - 1552 enforced by JPs. Had to enforce 1552 prayer book.

8
Q

How had the role of JPs grown by Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Grew county bench from 25 under Henry VIII to 40-50 by Liz. No. of JPs per country ranged from 40-90 by 1603. Cecil noticed people became JPs to advance politically

9
Q

What impact did the growth of JPs throughout the period have?

A
  • increased corruption in local gov

- JPs being key to political advancement

10
Q

What was the role of Lieutenants in the 1580s?

A

1585 LLs appointed to county benches, had many responsibilities but could not oversee everything, deputy Ls appointed to help, e.g DLs recruited army for Spanish war

11
Q

What new responsibilities had JPs taken on?

A

BY 1603 - 309 Acts of Parliament which placed more responsibility on JPs.

  • Power to deal with felonies by 1603 - riots, damage to property, minor offenses
  • Administered poor law
  • Collected subsidies
12
Q

What was the monarch supposed to do in theory in terms of finance?

A

Supposed to be financially independent - ‘to live of his own’. Had 2 main sources of income - ordinary revenue - royal lands and extraordinary revenue - tax

13
Q

What made a monarch’s financial situation worse?

A
  • Henry VIII’s high expenditure - spent £100,000 on building Hampton Court and Whitehall
  • Royal Household in 1550s costed £75,000 p.a
14
Q

What problems did demanding taxation cause?

A
  • Unrest - especially if high tax for long periods of time or coincided with socioeconomic problems
  • e.g 1489+1497 rebellions in Henry VII caused by tax
  • POG had demands about tax
15
Q

What was the medieval method of raising tax?

A

Fixed amount since 1334. Boroughs paid tax - 1/10 of the value of goods, countryside paid 1/15. Each 15th and 10th expected to yield £29,500. No assessment

16
Q

Why could the medieval method of raising tax cause problems?

A

Out of date, paid levels of tax set 150 years before. Didn’t account for population changes or other socioeconomic changes. Meant if inflation rose, tax couldn’t meet needs.

17
Q

Why were 10ths and 15ths seen as unfair?

A

Each community paid a fixed sum rather than based on individual wealth. Towns paid more than countryside. Towns becoming depopulated, increasing wealth in countryside due to cloth and wool trade growing.

18
Q

How did Henry VII introduce a new tax system?

A

Experimented by asking for 2 10ths and 2 15ths, also tried getting tax by assessing individual wealth, it yieled an extra £80,000 and was used again in 1504

19
Q

Why was the new subsidy system necessary?

A

Needed new tax system due to war with France. Foreign war very costly, 1509+1520 gov spend £1 million on the war effort but only got £25,000 rev that wasn’t tax

20
Q

What changes did the subsidy system introduced by TW make?

A

Flexible, each individual assessed on their income from different possible sources of wealth. Only had to pay tax from one source, the one they were richest in

21
Q

Why was the new tax system better?

A

Meant that a poor farmworker who was reliant on wages and owned no land or property would pay less than a member of the gentry, reduced resentment

22
Q

How were the nobility assessed on the new tax system?

A

Based on their rank, paid more if from a higher rank, local officials assessed wealth, repeated by TW in 1514, 1515 and 1523 because it was successful

23
Q

What is an example of the success of the new subsidy system?

A

1513-1523 TW raised £322,099 through subsidy but in 1512-1517 only £117,936 on old system

24
Q

How did Cromwell develop the subsidy system even further?

A

1534 TC wanted a subsidy to fund gov during peacetime. Justified it on the grounds that Henry had ruled GB successfully for 25yrs. Thought he would be supported.

25
Q

What evidence is there that despite the significance of the new subsidy in 1513, its effectiveness was not sustained?

A

Further requests for subsidies in peacetime - 1540, 1543, 1553. Normal to grant tax in peacetime during Liz’s reign - £140,000 yielded each time but by end of reign nly £80,000 due to resistance

26
Q

What was the problem with raising the subsidy?

A

Demands of war = resentment (1512-1529). Little to show for tax, parliament reluctant. 1523 parliament refused a grant of £800,000 but agreed to pay installments.

27
Q

What was TW forced to do in 1525 after parliament refused his grant of taxation?

A

Imposed non parliamentary tax - amicable grant, provoked mass resistance in East Anglia - 10,000 men protested in Suffolk. Forced to cancel grant.

28
Q

What problems did Elizabeth face with the use of the subsidy and how did she deal with taxation?

A

Caused by her desire to have political stability, permitted the tax rates to be fixed, 4 shillings for every pound of land, 2 shillings and 8p for every pound of goods. Ignored inflation. Gov income fell. 1563 no oath so corruption.

29
Q

What problems did Elizabeth’s method of raising tax cause?

A
  • Most taxpayers lied about income
  • Wealthy could evade tax e.g WC had income of £4000 p/a but cliamed to have £136 6s 4ds
  • Local record keeping was poor - people died
  • Elizabeth forced to ask for more subsidies
30
Q

What is an example of local record keeping being poor in Elizabeth’s reign regarding taxation?

A

1523 Suffolk had 17,000 taxpayers but only 7700 by 1566.

31
Q

What is an example of Elizabeth asking for more taxation due to her method beign insufficient?

A

1601 asked for 4 subsidies and 10ths and 15ths

- Exploited royal prerogative to fund wars

32
Q

Why could the tax system in Elizabeth’s reign be seen to be effective?

A

No popular tax rebellion like Henry VII in 1489 and 1497. But partly due to control of localities.

33
Q

What purpose did Royal Progress have?

A
  • Enhanced respect and obdiene to monarch in localities
  • Put a face to the name, reminded of military power
  • Journeys made by monarch and their court to regions of England that were outside London, sustained contact
  • A way of showing prestige, wealth and power
  • Restless population could be subdued by seeing ruler
34
Q

Why did Henry VII go on progress so much?

A
  • Extended progress to the Midlands and the North - felt they faced the greatest challenge to his rule
  • Also had a military purpose - dealt with rebellions himself in 1487 and 1497
  • Seeing army encouraged obediemce
35
Q

How often did Henry VIII go on progress and where?

A
  • Not very often - too old and ill to travel. Only really went to escape smells and disease of london
  • Often went to Hampton Court or Richmond Palace or to Essex, neglected North - reflected in 1536 rebel demands
  • Went with 1000 people, visits to rest of England limited
  • 1535 visited Gloucestershire, Bristol channel ad Southhampton
36
Q

Why did Edward and Mary progress less often?

A
  • Edwards youth

- Mary’s ill health

37
Q

Why did Elizabeth use progress more often?

A
  • Went every summer, did it to save money as she stayed at nobility’s house so they had to pay
  • Majority of her travels in South, East and Midlands
  • Longest progress Norther were to Staffordshire, Lincolnshire and West - Bristol and Gloucester
38
Q

Where did Elizabeth travel in the 1560s?

A
  • 1560 and 1569 she visited Hampshire
  • 1572 went Midlands
  • 1578 went East Anglia
  • Visited homes of Robert Dudley and Willaim Cecil the most

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