Gait Kinematics

Question 1

Sagittal Plane Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Kinematics

Answer 1

Requires 55°–65° of toe dorsiflexion (extension)

Question 2

Sagittal Plane Ankle Kinematics

Answer 2

Requires ~30° of ankle motion

Question 3

Frontal Plane Foot Kinematics

Answer 3

~2°–6° eversion occurs at the end of terminal stance
Foot begins to invert toward during terminal stance
~4°–8° inversion occurs at the end of terminal stance

Question 4

Transverse Plane Ankle and Foot Kinematics

Answer 4

Minimal to no motion occurs in the transverse plane

Question 5

Sagittal Plane Knee Kinematics

Answer 5

Requires nearly full extension to 60° of knee flexion

Question 6

Frontal Plane Knee Kinematics

Answer 6

Extremely variable
Little frontal motion during stance
A few degrees of abduction during swing

Question 7

Transverse Plane Knee Joint Kinematics

Answer 7

Highly variable

Question 8

Sagittal Plane Hip Joint Kinematics

Answer 8

Requires approximately 40°–45° total motion

Question 9

Frontal Plane Hip Kinematics

Answer 9

~10°–15° total frontal plane hip joint motion

~5° of hip adduction, occurs in response to contralateral pelvic drop

~5° of hip abduction, occurs in response to contralateral pelvic hip

Question 10

Sagittal Plane Pelvic Kinematics

Answer 10

Requires approximately 8° of total sagittal plane motion
~2°–4° of pelvic tilt in each direction

Question 11

Frontal Plane Pelvis Kinematics

Answer 11

Frontal plane obliquity is referred to as pelvis hike (rise) or drop
Contralateral pelvic drop occurs during loading response

Question 12

Transverse Plane Observation

Answer 12

Extremely difficult to accurately analyze clinically and extremely variable

Question 13

Trunk Kinematics During Gait

Answer 13

Trunk rotates in transverse plane around a vertical axis
Greatest amount of motion occurs in transverse plane
Trunk in Sagittal plane maintains slight flexion and minimal motion
Slight lateral rotation occurs in frontal plane

Question 14

Upper Extremity Kinematics During Gait

Answer 14

Shoulders move out of phase with the hips
during gait
Hip extension = ipsilateral shoulder flexion
Hip flexion = ipsilateral shoulder extension
Average total shoulder motion is ~35°

The arms should swing during gait.

Question 15

Initial Ground Contact (0%)

Answer 15

Neutral ankle position - Position limb for loading response

Question 16

Loading Response (0–10%)

Answer 16

Ankle plantar flexion to 10° - Weight bearing stability
Knee flexion to 15° - Shock absorption

Question 17

Mid-Stance (10–30%)

Answer 17

Tibial advancement in sagittal plane - Progress stable COM and trunk over stationary foot
Hip and pelvic control in frontal plane

Question 18

What are the Mid-Stance Three Rockers

Answer 18

Heel Rocker, Ankle Rocker and Forefoot Rocker

Question 19

Terminal Stance (30–50%)

Answer 19

Ankle locked at 10° dorsiflexion
Heel rise for at propulsion
Forward progression over foot - Progress COM past stance limb to prepare for swing phase

Question 20

Pre-Swing (50–60%)

Answer 20

Knee flexion to ~40° - Position limb to initiate swing

Question 21

Initial Swing (60–73%)

Answer 21

Knee flexion to ~60° - Clear foot during swing
Hip flexion to ~15° - Initiate limb advancement

Question 22

Mid Swing (73–87%)

Answer 22

Hip flexion to ~25° - Advance limb forward
Ankle DF to ~0°
Foot ~1 cm off floor - Foot clearance

Question 23

Terminal Swing (87–100%)

Answer 23

Hip flexion to ~30° - Complete limb advancement
Knee extension to ~15° - Prepare for initial contact