Gastrointestinal System

Question 1

Deglutition

Answer 1

swallowing of food bolus; transport of bolus from mouth to stomach

Question 2

epiglottis

Answer 2

flap of cartilage covering trachea when swallowing food, preventing food entering lungs/respiratory system

Question 3

peristalsis

Answer 3

contractions of muscle in esophagus, moving bolus through gastric sphincter to stomach

Question 4

esophageal sphincter

Answer 4

prevents reflux of food back into esophagus

Question 5

upper esophageal sphincter

Answer 5

located at the top of the esophagus, between pharynx and esophagus; improper closing doesn’t cause gastric reflex

Question 6

lower esophageal sphincter

Answer 6

where food will move from esophagus to stomach; improper closing leads to acidic contents leaking back up causing gastric reflux

Question 7

stomach

Answer 7

muscular organ on left side of upper abdomen that receives food from esophagus

Question 8

pancreas

Answer 8

large gland behind stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum; has islets of Langerhans embedded in it; which secrete insulin and glucagon into blood

Question 9

pyloric sphincter

Answer 9

gateway between stomach and small intestine; allowing food to pass to small intestine; some improper closing but doesn’t result in gastric reflux.

Question 10

duodenum

Answer 10

first part of the small intestine; located between stomach and middle part of small intestine (jejunum)

Question 11

jejunum

Answer 11

primary function is to absorb sugars, amino acids, fatty acids

Question 12

illeum

Answer 12

aborbs any remaining nutrients that didn’t get absorbed by duodenum or jejunum (especially vitamin B12 and bile acids that go on to be recycled)

Question 13

ascending colon

Answer 13

first main part of the large intestine, which passes upward from cecum on the right side of the abdomen

Question 14

transverse colon

Answer 14

middle part of large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach

Question 15

descending colon

Answer 15

part of the large intestine that passes downward on left side of abdomen toward the rectum

Question 16

sigmoid colon

Answer 16

S-shaped last part of the large intestine, leading into the rectum

Question 17

rectum

Answer 17

the final section of large intestine, terminating at the anus

Question 18

enzyme

Answer 18

substance that chemically breaks down food

Question 19

pepsin

Answer 19

pepsinogen combined with hydrochloric acid; digests proteins

Question 20

gastric lipase

Answer 20

digests fats

Question 21

intrinsic factor

Answer 21

promotes vitamin B12 absorption

Question 22

chyme

Answer 22

pasty substance made of all the stomach secretions and digested food

Question 23

secretin

Answer 23

hormone that promotes pancreatic secretions; secreted by duodenum

Question 24

pancreatic duct

Answer 24

connects pancreas to the duodenum

Question 25

pancreas secretes the enzymes:

Answer 25

trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase

Question 26

what helps to neutralize the acidic chyme and create an alkaline environment

Answer 26

bicarbonate ions secreted by the pancreas

Question 27

bile

Answer 27

produced by the liver; stored in the gallbladder; works to emulsify fats which increases surface area of fats

Question 28

CCK

Answer 28

hormone cholecystokinin; secreted by the duodenum; tells the gallbladder to contract causing bile to travel through the common bile duct

Question 29

enzymes of the small intestine which help breakdown fats further

Answer 29

lipases, proteases, maltase, lactase, and sucrase

Question 30

intestinal villi

Answer 30

brush border that creates very large surface area for absorption in small intestine

Question 31

plicae circularae

Answer 31

structures in small intestine that also increase surface area

Question 32

glucagon

Answer 32

hormone released from the pancreas; helps regulate blood sugar by breaking down stored carbohydrates and releasing glucose into the bloodstream when blood glucose levels are low

Question 33

appendix

Answer 33

small finger-like extension off of large intestine; no definite function; referred to as a vestigial organ, having no known function.

Question 34

gall bladder

Answer 34

store bile made by the liver

Question 35

cecum

Answer 35

part of large intestine in which/where the appendix is attached

Question 36

spleen

Answer 36

immune organ that acts as filter for blood

Question 37

bile is manufactured by the _______ and stored in the _______.

Answer 37

liver; gallbladder

Question 38

In the digestive system, the function of the ____ is to _____

Answer 38

stomach; secrete pepsinogen for protein digestion

Question 39

Insulin is secreted by the ____ and is used for _____

Answer 39

pancreas; glucose uptake

Question 40

The primary function of bile is ________

Answer 40

fat emulsification in the small intestine

Question 41

Which digestive organ contains vitamin-producing bacteria?

Answer 41

the large intestine

Question 42

where is Vitamin K produced? what does it do?

Answer 42

large intestine; plays role in blood clotting

Question 43

is pancreatic juice acidic or alkaline?

Answer 43

alkaline since it has a high concentration of bicarbonate ions

Question 44

pancreatic juice breaks down ______

Answer 44

carbohydrates and proteins

Question 45

pancreatic juice's high pH causes ______

Answer 45

neutralized acidity of stomach chyme

Question 46

Nutrient absorption occurs in the ______

Answer 46

small intestine, where the food particles are small enough

Question 47

Where is water reabsorbed?

Answer 47

small intestine

Question 48

What is the colon?

Answer 48

segment of the large intestine; responsible for the formation of feces; reabsorption of water and electrolytes occurs here

Question 49

Which organ has both endocrine and digestive functions