Gastrointestinal System Overview Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What is the gastrointestinal tract?
A
A continuous ‘tube’ commencing at the oral cavity and ending at the anus
2
Q
What are the two components of the GI tract in the head region?
A
Oral cavity and Pharynx
3
Q
What are the two components of the GI tract in the neck region
A
Pharynx and Oesophagus
4
Q
What is the one component of the GI tract in the thorax?
A
Oesophagus
5
Q
What are the 4 components of the GI tract in the abdomen region?
A
Stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, most accessory organs of the GI tract
6
Q
What is the one component of the GI tract in the pelvis region?
A
Rectum
7
Q
What are the two components of the GI tract that are in the perineum region?
A
Anal canal and Anus
8
Q
What are the 3 functions of the GI system?
A
- introduce food into the body
- Digest and absorb nutrients and toxins
- Excrete residual waste out of the body
9
Q
4 functions of the oral cavity
A
Sensing
Salivation
Chewing
Initiating swallow
10
Q
3 functions of the pharynx
A
Defence against infection (tonsils)
Swallowing
Airway protection
11
Q
Function of the oesophagus
A
Transit from pharynx to stomach
12
Q
3 functions of the stomach and small intestine
A
Transit
Defence against infection (acid)
Digestions and absorption
13
Q
4 functions of the large intestine and anus
A
Transit
Reabsorption of H2O & electrolytes
Stool formation
Waste excretion
14
Q
What is this component of the GI tract?
A
Oral cavity
15
Q
What is this component of the GI tract?
A
Pharynx
16
Q
What is this component of the GI tract?
A
Oesophagus
17
Q
What is this component of the GI tract?
A
Stomach
18
Q
What is this component of the GI tract?
A
Large intestine
19
Q
What is this component of the GI tract?
A
Anus
20
Q
What is this component of the GI tract?
A
Rectum
21
Q
What is this component of the GI tract?
A
Small intestine
22
Q
What is this structure in the oral cavity?
A
Nasal cavity
23
Q
What is this structure in the oral cavity?
A
Soft palate
24
Q
What is this structure in the oral cavity?
A
Tongue
25
What is this structure in the oral cavity?
Hyoid bone
26
What is this structure in the oral cavity?
Muscle of the floor of the mouth
27
What is this structure in the oral cavity?
Mandible
28
What is this structure in the oral cavity?
Teeth (dentition)
29
What is this structure in the oral cavity?
Oral cavity
30
What is this structure in the oral cavity?
Hard palate
31
What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?
Upper dental arch
32
What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?
Palatine tonsil
33
What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?
Gingiva
34
What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?
Lower dental arch
35
What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?
Uvula
36
What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?
Tongue
37
What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?
Arches of the soft palate
38
What are the names of the two arches of soft palate and where r they located in relation to one another?
Palatoglossal arch: anterior
Palatopharyngeal arch: posterior
39
What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?
Soft palate
40
What is this structure in the surface anatomy of the oral cavity?
Hard palate
41
What does mastication mean?
Chewing
42
What 2 things does mastication do?
Movement of tongue and jaw breaks down food
Facilitates taste and digestion by mixing food with saliva
43
What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?
Maxilla
44
What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?
Tongue
45
What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?
Mandible
46
What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?
Lower dentition
47
What is this piece of food called in this coronal view of the oral cavity?
Food bolus
48
What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?
Buccinator
49
What is this structure in the coronal view of half the oral cavity?
Upper dentition
50
What is the joint called which the muscles of mastication act on to elevate and depress the mandible?
Temporomandibular joint
51
Name the 4 muscles of mastication, which ones elevate the mandible?
Temporalis: elevate
Lateral Pterygoid: depress
Medial pterygoid: elevate
Masseter: elevate
52
Name this structure?
Temporomandibular joint
53
Name this structure?
Lateral pterygoid
54
Name this structure?
Medial pterygoid
55
Name this structure?
Masseter
56
Name this structure?
Temporalis
57
Name this structure?
Temporalis
58
How many teeth in adult dentition and deciduous teeth?
32 adult
20 child
59
What are the 2 sections of the tongue?
Posterior 1/3 vertical part
Anterior 2/3 horizontal part
60
Name this structure of the tongue
Foliate papillae
61
Name this structure of the tongue
Vallate papillae
62
Name this structure of the tongue
Fungiform papillae
63
Name this structure of the tongue
Filiform papillae
64
What r the 2 types of muscles in the tongue and what do they do?
Extrinsic: move tongue and attach tongue to bony skeleton
Intrinsic: changes the shape of the tongue
65
What are the 5 functions of saliva?
1. Solute to allow tasting to occur
2. Contains mucin (lubricant) to aid swallowing & speech & keep mucosa moist
3. Buffer for plaque acids
4. Contains antimicrobial elements
5. Amylase to begin carbohydrate digestion
66
What r the 3 major salivary glands and where r they?
Parotid: near ear
Submandibular: under mandible
Sublingual: under tongue
67
What r the minor salivary glands called and what do they do?
Oral mucosa: basal secretion ( background and continuous) to keep the mouth moist
68
What 2 things stimulate salivation?
1. Thought, sight, smell of food or presence of food in the mouth
2. Painful oral conditions e.g. teething or fractured mandible
69
Name this gland
Parotid gland
70
Name this gland
Submandibular gland
71
Name this gland
Sublingual gland
72
Parotid gland: where does the duct go and where does it secrete into?
Crossed the face and secretes into the maxilla by the upper 2nd molar
73
Submandibular gland: where does the duct go and secrete via?
Enters floor of mouth and secretes via sublingual caruncle
74
Sublingual gland: where is it located and secretes via?
Located in floor of mouth
Secretes via several ducts superiorly
75
Name this muscle of facial expression and what 2 things does it do?
Buccinator
1. Tenses the cheek
2. Align food between teeth
76
Name this muscle of facial expression and what’s does it do?
Orbicularis oris
Prevents dribbling during chewing and swallowing by closing lips
77
What is the pharynx located posterior to?
The oral cavity, nasal cavity and larynx
78
Name this structure
Nasopharynx
79
Name this part of the pharynx
Oropharynx
80
Name this part of the pharynx
Laryngopharynx
81
Name this structure
Oesophagus
82
Name this structure
Trachea
83
Name this structure
Larynx
84
Name this structure
Epiglottis
85
What is this structure called?
Laryngeal inlet
86
What is the oesophagus and what’s it’s function?
Muscular tube
Transmit food and liquids from pharynx to stomach
87
What types of muscle in the oesophagus and where?
Skeletal muscle proximally to smooth muscle
88
Name this structure
Trachea
89
Name this structure
Oesophagus
90
Name this structure
Diaphragm
91
Name this structure
Stomach
92
What is the peritoneum and where is it found?
A continuous serous membrane, which secretes lubricating peritoneal fluid into the peritoneal cavity
Lines abdominal cavity and invests viscera
93
Peritoneum abdominal cavity:
Name this structure
Visceral peritoneum
94
Peritoneum abdominal cavity:
Name this structure
Parietal peritoneum
95
Peritoneum abdominal cavity:
Name this structure
Retroperitoneum
96
What is peritonitis?
Inflammation of the peritoneum, caused by infection from surgery or trauma
97
Name this structure
Terminal (distal) oesophagus
98
Name this structure
Stomach
99
Name this structure
Pancreas
100
Name this structure
Small intestine
101
Name this structure
Large intestine
102
Name this structure
Gall bladder
103
Name this structure
Liver
104
What is this structure?
Pyloric sphincter
105
What is this structure?
Oesophagus
106
What is this structure
Stomach
107
What is this structure
Duodenum
108
How is the small intestine attached to the body
By mesentery
109
Name these three parts of the small intestine
Top left jejunum
Bottom left ileum
Top right duodenum
110
What is the mesentery? 3 things
Double layer of peritoneum
Connects organs to body wall
Allows passages of nerves arteries and veins
111
Where is the pancreas?
Lies in the curvature of the duodenum
112
What are the 2 functions of the pancreas?
1. Endocrine: releases hormones in blood (insulin)
2. Exocrine: releases digestive enzymes into small intestine 
113
What are the 3 functions of the liver?
1. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
2. Detoxifies blood
3. Bile production
114
Function of the gall bladder?
Store and concentrate bile
115
Name this structure
Gall bladder
116
Name this structure
Common hepatic duct
117
Name this structure
Cystic duct
118
Name this structure
Bile duct
119
Name this structure
Duodenum
120
Name this structure
Pancreatic duct
121
3 functions of the large intestine
1. Transit
2. Reabsorption of H2O & electrolytes
3. Stool formation
122
Name this section structure
Appendix
123
Name this section of the large intestine
Caecum
124
Name this section of the large intestine
Ascending colon
125
Name this section of the large intestine
Transverse colon
126
Name this section of the large intestine
Descending colon
127
Name this section of the large intestine
Sigmoid colon
128
2 functions of the rectum
Stool formation
Stool storage
129
Anus function
Waste excretion
130
Name these 2 structures
Rectum
Anal canal, Anus
131
The abdominal organs are described in 3 parts according to embryo logical origin. What r they?
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
132
Where is the foregut located, what organs?
Oesophagus to mid duodenum
Liver, gall bladder, spleen, stomach, 1/2 pancreas
133
What is located in the midgut?
Mid-duodenum to proximal 2/3 transverse colon, 1/2 pancreas
134
What is located in the hindgut?
Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal, includes rectum
135
Name this artery coming off the descending abdominal aorta
Coeliac trunk
136
Name this artery coming off the descending abdominal aorta
Superior mesenteric artery
137
Name this artery coming off the descending abdominal aorta
Inferior mesenteric artery
138
Which abdominal organ section does the coeliac trunk supply blood to?
Foregut
139
Which abdominal organ section does the superior mesenteric artery supply blood to?
Midgut
140
Which abdominal organ section does the inferior mesenteric artery supply blood to?
Hindgut organs
141
Name this vein
Splenic vein
142
Name this vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
143
Name this vein
Superior mesenteric vein
144
Name this vein
Portal vein
145
Where does the portal venous system drain from and what type of blood?
From absorptive parts of GI tract and accessory organs to the liver via portal vein
Deoxygenated and nutrient rich
146
Where does the systemic venous system drain from?
Deoxygenated blood from rest of body to right atrium including blood from liver via hepatic veins
