Gender Development

Question 1

Sex

Answer 1

Innate biological origins for differences between males and females
Based on sex chromosomes

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

categorization of oneself or others as girls or boys or neither (e.g. men, women, etc)

Question 3

Cisgender

Answer 3

identify with their assigned gender at birth

Question 4

Transgender

Answer 4

identify with a different gender than assigned at birth

Question 5

Nonbinary/genderqueer

Answer 5

persons who do not identify exclusively with one gender category

Question 6

Gender-Fluid

Answer 6

persons who self identify with different gender categories, depending on the context

Question 7

Bigender

Answer 7

persons who identify with both feminine and masculine gender expressions

Question 8

Agender

Answer 8

persons who do not identify with any gender category

Question 9

Gender Typing

Answer 9

process of gender socialization during development

Question 10

Cross-Gender Typed

Answer 10

behaviours contrary to those stereotyped for a given person’s assigned gender

Question 11

Gender Nonconforming

Answer 11

those who are highly cross gender typed in relation to their assigned gender
Can include transgender or other non cisgender identities
Also used to reference cisgender children with cross gender typed interests (e.g. tomboy)

Question 12

Gender Typed

Answer 12

behaviours stereotyped for a given person’s assigned gender

Question 13

Gender Binary

Answer 13

considering only girls and boys as only two categories

Question 14

Dimorphic System

Answer 14

biological system can only take one of two forms and that its effects on the brain, gender identity, or other outcomes can only take one of two forms

Question 15

Challenges to gender Binary

Answer 15

Both sets of hormones (androgens and estrogens) present in both males and females
Most people show variety of male and female typed behaviours
Transgender and non binary people found across cultures

Question 16

Gender Constancy

Answer 16

Gender remains stable across time and is consistent across situations
Preschoolers do not understand this

Question 17

Gender Segregation

Answer 17

Children begin to prefer playing with same gender peers and avoid other gender peers
Increases steadily from 3-6, remains stable throughout childhood
Across cultures

Question 18

Social Dosage Effect

Answer 18

Amount of time preschool/kindergarten children spent with same-gender peers predicted subsequent changes in gender typed behaviour over 6 months

Question 19

Assertion

Answer 19

Attempts to exert influence over the environment
Seen more in boys

Question 20

Affiliation

Answer 20

Making connections with others
Seen more in girls

Question 21

Controlling

Answer 21

High assertion, low affiliation

Question 22

Collaborative

Answer 22

High in both affiliation and assertion

Question 23

Obliging

Answer 23

High affiliation, low assertion

Question 24

Withdrawal

Answer 24

Low assertion & affiliation

Question 25

Gender-Role Intensification

Answer 25

Common in context of heterosexual dating Related to increases in gender discrimination Most adolescents experience sexual harassment, especially girls

Question 26

Gender-Role Flexibility

Answer 26

Reject traditional gender roles as social conventions More likely among girls Social support particularly important for gender non-conforming youth Depend on breadth of opportunities experienced in society for gender ingroup

Question 27

Ambivalent Sexism

Answer 27

Complementary effects of hostile sexism and benevolent sexism Traditional heterosexual dating scripts spawn from here

Question 28

Intersex Conditions

Answer 28

Recessive genesis can result in person of one genetic sex who develops sexual structures associated with other sex or undergoes only partial development of sexual structures associated with genetic sex

Question 29

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Answer 29

Recessive gene that leads to production of high levels of androgens during prenatal development Primarily affects development of genetic females (can affect males too) Can lead to development male or partially masculinized genitalia (e.g. enlarged clitoris) Internal structures usually remain female These girls more likely to choose more physically active play Most identify as girls

Question 30

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

Answer 30

Recessive genes causing androgen receptors to malfunction in genetic males Increased androgen production does not trigger typical physical changes in sexual differentiation Males born with female external genitalia but male internal reproductive structures Commonly self identify as women Typically show preferences for stereotypically female interests

Question 31

Menarche

Answer 31

Onset of menstruation

Question 32

Adrenarche

Answer 32

Onset of sexual attraction correlates with maturation of adrenal glands

Question 33

Spermarche

Answer 33

Capacity for ejaculation

Question 34

General Intelligence

Answer 34

Boys and girls are equivalent in most aspects of intelligence and cognitive functioning Proportionally more boys score at extremes (low and high, learning disabilities and gifted) Girls tend to show higher levels of school adjustment across many countries Girls tend to attain higher overall school grades than boys Highschool dropout rate in Canada higher for boys

Question 35

Verbal Skills

Answer 35

Girls have tendency to be slightly advanced in early language development Girls tend to achieve higher average performance in reading and writing from elementary to high school Boys more likely to suffer speech related difficulties and dyslexia

Question 36

Spatial Skills

Answer 36

Boys tend to perform better than girls in visual-spatial processing Difference emerges around 3-4 years, becomes more substantial with age Differences most obvious involving mental rotation of complex geometric figure Other spatial tasks show smaller gender differences (e.g. finding hidden figure in larger image)

Question 37

STEM-Related Skills

Answer 37

Gender gap in math achievement has closed dramatically (no average difference between genders in elementary or middle school) Small average difference favouring boys in high school (math)

Question 38

Direct Aggression

Answer 38

Overt physical or verbal acts openly intended to cause harm Boys do more physical aggression

Question 39

Indirect Aggression

Answer 39

Relational/social aggression Attempts to damage a person’s social standing or group acceptance through covert means (e.g. gossip or social exclusion) No average gender differences during childhood for indirect aggression Negligible effect during high school for girls more