General

Question 1

What unique feature do rhodophytes have?

Answer 1

Non-flagellated sperm

Question 2

List the unique features that charophytes and embryophytes share

Answer 2

1. Rosette shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
2. Peroxisome like enzymes to reduce to loss from photo
3. Structure of flagellated sperm
4. Phragmoplast

Question 3

What is the structure of the sperm in embryophytes?

Answer 3

9+2 arrangement

Question 4

What is the function of the phragmoplast?

Answer 4

To guide the golgi apparatus during cell plate formation before cytokinesis

Question 5

What would happen to the cell without the phragmoplast?

Answer 5

It wouldn’t be able to divide

Question 6

Derived traits of plants(embryophytes)

Answer 6

1. Cuticle to prevent desiccation
2. Mutualistic relationships with fungi
3. Multicellular embryos
4. Generation alternation
5. Multicellular gametangia
6. Possession of apical meristems
7. Production of walled spores in the sporangia

Question 7

Explain the process of alternation of generations.

Answer 7

Diploid sporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores. Spores undergo mitosis to create haploid gametocytes. Gametes undergo syngamy to form diploid zygotes.

Question 8

What do spores contain that prevents desiccation?

Answer 8

Sporopollenin

Question 9

What is the female gametangia called?

Answer 9

Archegonia

Question 10

What is the male gametangia called?

Answer 10

Antheridia

Question 11

What are the types of apical meristems?

Answer 11

Root, shoot, axillary bud, and intercallary

Question 12

What is the function of apical meristems?

Answer 12

Primary growth - growth in length

Question 13

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 13

Provides tensile strength against osmotic and mechanical stress. Creates turgor pressure.

Question 14

What does the cell wall contain?

Answer 14

Cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, soluble protein

Question 15

How are cellulose microfibrils synthesized?

Answer 15

Inside out in the plasma membrane

Question 16

What would happen without microtubules?

Answer 16

The cell wall wouldn’t form, it would be disorganized, or it would lose its structure

Question 17

What is the purpose of the secondary cell wall?

Answer 17

Provides structure

Question 18

What are pectins?

Answer 18

Heterogenous group of polysaccharides

Question 19

Where are pectins found?

Answer 19

Primary cell wall and middle lamella

Question 20

What is the middle lamella?

Answer 20

Extracellular space between primary and secondary cell wall

Question 21

How is pectin made?

Answer 21

Synthesized by Golgi apparatus

Question 22

What is the function of pectins and how do they work?

Answer 22

Forms a gel in the matrix by linking with calcium ions to assist in cell adhesion and wall hydration

Question 23

When does the secondary cell wall form?

Answer 23

After expansion ceases. After mature cells undergo apoptosis

Question 24

What is the function of the secondary cell wall?

Answer 24

Adds mechanical strength

Question 25

List some features of the secondary cell wall

Answer 25

Higher proportion of cellulose. Microfibrils are more parallel-oriented. Often impregnated with lignin.

Question 26

How are the microfibrils in the primary cell wall oriented?

Answer 26

Transversely/radially

Question 27

True or false: Growing plants increase in girth and length

Answer 27

False, only in length

Question 28

What determines the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils?

Answer 28

Cortical microtubules

Question 29

How does water affect the amount that the plant grows?

Answer 29

As the plant expands, it is not gaining/growing any new/more organelles. The influx of water determines how much it grows before reaching maturity

Question 30

Where are cellulose microfibrils synthesized?

Answer 30

Plasma membrane

Question 31

What is the evolutionary advantage of walled spores?

Answer 31

Prevents erosion + protects spore