Indications?
Reasons for using
What are Contraindications?
Reasons to not use a drug
Pharmacokinetics?
What happens to drugs in the body
Happen-k
Pharmodynamics
Exert effect
What are the drug sources?
Plants, animals, bacteria and mold, lab, and mineral
5
Plant sources?
Botanical
Gums Resins Oils Alkaloids (ine) Glycosides (in)
(5)
What are examples of plant resource (botanical)
Alkaloids (ine)?
Atropine
Caffeine
Nicotine
(3)
(ALl together- ine- 3 letters)
What are examples of plant resource (botanical)
Glycosides (in)?
Digoxin
Digitoxin
(2- 2 letters- dig in)
Bacteria & mold
Antibiotics (Penicillin) and anthelminitics (ivermectin)
Mineral sources
Electrolytes
Sodium, potassium, chloride, iron, selenium & others (5)
Toxicity
Adverse drug reactions
Examples of minerals?
Sodium Potassium Chloride Iron Selenium
Drugs with more range and safer-
Lab
Pharmo
Drug/medicine
Pharmacology
Study of drugs
Therapy
Treatment of disease
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment of disease with medicine
Kinetics
Study of motion
Inactive ingredients
Binder, coating, coloring agents, disintegrants, emulsifiers, filers/diluents, flavor agents, flow agents, humectants, preservatives, sweetening agents, & thickening agents
Binder
Inactive ingredient
Holds tablet together
Ex: cellulose, lactose, methylcellulose, sorbitol, starch, xylitol, & others
Coating
Inactive ingredient
Protects tablet from breaking, absorbing moisture, & early disintegration
Ex: beeswax, carob extract, methylcellulose, cellulose, acetate, acrylic resin, & others
Coloring agents
Inactive ingredients
Provide Color and enhance appearance
Ex: yellow No.5, annatto, caramel color, titanium oxide, FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Red No.3, and others
Disintegrants
Inactive ingredients
Expand when exposed to liquid, allowing tablets and capsules to dissolve and disperse their active ingredients
Ex: cellulose products, crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, & starch
Emulsifiers
Inactive ing.
Allow fat-soluble and water-soluble agents to mix so they do not separate
Ex: stearic acid, Xanthan gum, lethicin, & vegetables oils
Fillers/diluents
Inactive ing.
Increase bulk or volume
Ex: calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, cellulose lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, starch, sucrose, & vegetable oils
Flavor agents
Inactive ing.
Create a desired taste or mask an undesirable taste
Ex: beeswax, carob extract, glyceryl triacetate, & natural orange
Flow agents
Inactive ing.
Prevent powders from sticking together
Ex: calcium stearate, glyceryl triacetate, polyethylene glycol, silica, sodium benzoate, & talc
Humectants
Inactive ing.
Holds moisture in a product
Ex: glycerin, glycerol, glycerol triacetate, & sorbitol
Preservatives
Inactive ing.
Prevent degradation & extend the shelf life of a product
Ex: citric acid, glycerol, potassium benzoate, sodium benzoate, & others
Sweetening agents
Inactive ing.
Improve taste
Aspartate, fructose, glycerin, sorbitol, sucrose, & xylitol
Thickening agents
Inactive ing.
Increase viscosity of a product
Ex: methylcellulose, povidone, sorbitol, & others
Pharmacokinetics
The study of drug motion, which includes absorption, blood levels, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
Pharmacotherapeutics
Drug selected by broadly defined methods:
diagnostic- assessment of a patient ( history, physical examination, lab test, & other diagnostic procedures)
Empirical- practical experience & common sense
Symptomatic- signs and symptoms
7 responsibilities
- Ensuring that the correct drug is being administered
- Administering the drug by the correct route at the correct time
- Carefully observing the animal’s response to the drug
- Questioning any medication orders that are not clear
- Creating & affixing labels to medication containers accurately
- Explaining administration instructions to clients
- Recording appropriate info. In the medical record
4 regimen
(Plan for giving drug) by specific regimen
Pharmacotherapeutics
- Route of administration
- Total amount to be given (dose)
- How often the drug is to be given (frequency)
- How long the drug will be given (duration)
Caution: federal law restricts use of this drug by order of licensed vet”
Legend (prescription) drug
Drug distribution
- Absorption site
- Plasma of bloodstream
- Interstitial fluid that surround cells
- Into the cells
- Combine w/ cellular receptors to create action
Traditional drug source origin…
Plants & minerals
Animals used for
Hormones until recently & anticoagulants
More are being synthesized in labs it’s more range/safer
What are Pharmacotherapeutics?
Diagnostic
Empirical
Symptomatic
Pharmacotherapeutics
All drugs have potential…
As per FDA, any drug w/ potential…
To cause harm must be administered by trained personnel & under supervision of DVM
DVM-client-patient relationship is only
Only way drugs may be suspended
FDA
Prescription drugs have
Legend statement
Extra label use
Valid relationship: responsibility for patient, knowledge for diagnosis, available for follow up
Over the counter
No prescription needed
Controlled substances are drugs that
Have potential for dependency
Pharmokinetics
Complex sequence of events that occurs after drug administration
(Motion, how do things move throughout the body)
Pharmacokinetics
Sequence
Rate of drug absorption Amount of drug given Drug distribution throughout body Drug metabolism or biotransformation Rate & route of excretion (kidney) 5
IV fast
ID slow
Route of administration
Oral (enteral)
Parenteral- injectable (IV, IM, SC or SQ, ID, IP, IA, Intrarticular, IC, intramedullary, Epidural/subdural)
Inhalation
Topical
Drug absorption
Bioavailability
Degree to which the drug is absorbed & reaches general circulation
Manufacturing effects characteristics of drugs
Factors affecting absorption
Mechanism pH & ionization state of drug Absorptive surface area Blood supply to area Solubility of drug (stomach absorbs, change pH) Dosage form (IJ faster) Status of GI tract (esp. Orally) Interaction w/ other drugs 8
Legend
Prescription (legend) drug
A drug limited to use under the supervision of a vet b/ potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations
Extra label use
Use of drug not specifically listed on U.S. Food & Drug Adminstration (FDA) approved label
Therapeutic drug monitoring
Monitoring patient for severe toxic effects
Transdermal
Skin
Lipid solubility tends to be directly proportional to
The degree of drug nonionization
Degree of lipid solubility of drug expressed as
It’s lipid partition coefficient
A high lipid partition coefficient indicates
Enhanced drug absorption
Drugs that are highly lipid soluble tend to move
Readily into plasma into the interstitial fluid
In nonionized form drugs follow similar pattern,
Once present in tissues drugs may be stored there.
Tissues like fat, kidney, bone, & liver may act as storage sites 4 drugs like barbiturates, inhalation anesthetics, and others. When drug moves from storage 2 blood, & additional doses are given, an exaggerated or prolonged effect may occur-additive effects
Metabolite
Once a drug has been biotransformed
Usually inactive, but in some cases may have similar, less, or more activity.
Biotransformation
or Metabolism, the ability 2 change drug from chemically from the form it was administered to elimination form
Most occurs in liver b/ of action of microsomal enzymes called cytochrome P450 enzyme found in liver cells. (They allow elimination in urine or bile)
Some occurs in kidney, lungs, & nervous system
Efficacy
The extent to which a drug causes the intended effect in a patient
Pharmacokinetics
Complex sequence of events that occur after drug administration
Pharmacokinetics
Factors influencing blood levels of a drug & patient’s response
- Rate of drug absorption
- Amount of drug absorbed
- Drug distribution throughout body
- Drug metabolism or biotransformation
- Rate & route of excretion
Routes of Administration
Oral (enteral)
Parenteral (IV, IM, SC or SQ, ID, IP, IA, intrarticular, IC, intramedullary, epidural/subdural
Inhalation
Topical
Drug absorption
Bioavailability:
Degree to which the drug is absorbed & reaches general circulation
Manufacturing makes a difference