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Flashcards in General Deck (66)
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0
Q

Indications?

A

Reasons for using

1
Q

What are Contraindications?

A

Reasons to not use a drug

2
Q

Pharmacokinetics?

A

What happens to drugs in the body

Happen-k

3
Q

Pharmodynamics

A

Exert effect

4
Q

What are the drug sources?

A

Plants, animals, bacteria and mold, lab, and mineral

5

5
Q

Plant sources?

Botanical

A
Gums
Resins
Oils
Alkaloids (ine)
Glycosides (in)

(5)

6
Q

What are examples of plant resource (botanical)

Alkaloids (ine)?

A

Atropine
Caffeine
Nicotine

(3)
(ALl together- ine- 3 letters)

7
Q

What are examples of plant resource (botanical)

Glycosides (in)?

A

Digoxin
Digitoxin

(2- 2 letters- dig in)

8
Q

Bacteria & mold

A

Antibiotics (Penicillin) and anthelminitics (ivermectin)

9
Q

Mineral sources

A

Electrolytes

Sodium, potassium, chloride, iron, selenium & others (5)

10
Q

Toxicity

A

Adverse drug reactions

11
Q

Examples of minerals?

A
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Iron
Selenium
12
Q

Drugs with more range and safer-

A

Lab

13
Q

Pharmo

A

Drug/medicine

14
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of drugs

15
Q

Therapy

A

Treatment of disease

16
Q

Pharmacotherapy

A

Treatment of disease with medicine

17
Q

Kinetics

A

Study of motion

18
Q

Inactive ingredients

A

Binder, coating, coloring agents, disintegrants, emulsifiers, filers/diluents, flavor agents, flow agents, humectants, preservatives, sweetening agents, & thickening agents

19
Q

Binder

Inactive ingredient

A

Holds tablet together

Ex: cellulose, lactose, methylcellulose, sorbitol, starch, xylitol, & others

20
Q

Coating

Inactive ingredient

A

Protects tablet from breaking, absorbing moisture, & early disintegration

Ex: beeswax, carob extract, methylcellulose, cellulose, acetate, acrylic resin, & others

21
Q

Coloring agents

Inactive ingredients

A

Provide Color and enhance appearance

Ex: yellow No.5, annatto, caramel color, titanium oxide, FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Red No.3, and others

22
Q

Disintegrants

Inactive ingredients

A

Expand when exposed to liquid, allowing tablets and capsules to dissolve and disperse their active ingredients

Ex: cellulose products, crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, & starch

23
Q

Emulsifiers

Inactive ing.

A

Allow fat-soluble and water-soluble agents to mix so they do not separate

Ex: stearic acid, Xanthan gum, lethicin, & vegetables oils

24
Q

Fillers/diluents

Inactive ing.

A

Increase bulk or volume

Ex: calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, cellulose lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, starch, sucrose, & vegetable oils

25
Q

Flavor agents

Inactive ing.

A

Create a desired taste or mask an undesirable taste

Ex: beeswax, carob extract, glyceryl triacetate, & natural orange

26
Q

Flow agents

Inactive ing.

A

Prevent powders from sticking together

Ex: calcium stearate, glyceryl triacetate, polyethylene glycol, silica, sodium benzoate, & talc

27
Q

Humectants

Inactive ing.

A

Holds moisture in a product

Ex: glycerin, glycerol, glycerol triacetate, & sorbitol

28
Q

Preservatives

Inactive ing.

A

Prevent degradation & extend the shelf life of a product

Ex: citric acid, glycerol, potassium benzoate, sodium benzoate, & others

29
Q

Sweetening agents

Inactive ing.

A

Improve taste

Aspartate, fructose, glycerin, sorbitol, sucrose, & xylitol

30
Q

Thickening agents

Inactive ing.

A

Increase viscosity of a product

Ex: methylcellulose, povidone, sorbitol, & others

31
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of drug motion, which includes absorption, blood levels, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

32
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

Drug selected by broadly defined methods:

diagnostic- assessment of a patient ( history, physical examination, lab test, & other diagnostic procedures)

Empirical- practical experience & common sense

Symptomatic- signs and symptoms

33
Q

7 responsibilities

A
  1. Ensuring that the correct drug is being administered
  2. Administering the drug by the correct route at the correct time
  3. Carefully observing the animal’s response to the drug
  4. Questioning any medication orders that are not clear
  5. Creating & affixing labels to medication containers accurately
  6. Explaining administration instructions to clients
  7. Recording appropriate info. In the medical record
34
Q

4 regimen
(Plan for giving drug) by specific regimen
Pharmacotherapeutics

A
  1. Route of administration
  2. Total amount to be given (dose)
  3. How often the drug is to be given (frequency)
  4. How long the drug will be given (duration)
35
Q

Caution: federal law restricts use of this drug by order of licensed vet”

A

Legend (prescription) drug

36
Q

Drug distribution

A
  1. Absorption site
  2. Plasma of bloodstream
  3. Interstitial fluid that surround cells
  4. Into the cells
  5. Combine w/ cellular receptors to create action
37
Q

Traditional drug source origin…

A

Plants & minerals

38
Q

Animals used for

A

Hormones until recently & anticoagulants

More are being synthesized in labs it’s more range/safer

39
Q

What are Pharmacotherapeutics?

A

Diagnostic
Empirical
Symptomatic

40
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics
All drugs have potential…
As per FDA, any drug w/ potential…

A

To cause harm must be administered by trained personnel & under supervision of DVM

41
Q

DVM-client-patient relationship is only

A

Only way drugs may be suspended

42
Q

FDA

Prescription drugs have

A

Legend statement

43
Q

Extra label use

A

Valid relationship: responsibility for patient, knowledge for diagnosis, available for follow up

44
Q

Over the counter

A

No prescription needed

45
Q

Controlled substances are drugs that

A

Have potential for dependency

46
Q

Pharmokinetics

A

Complex sequence of events that occurs after drug administration
(Motion, how do things move throughout the body)

47
Q

Pharmacokinetics

Sequence

A
Rate of drug absorption 
Amount of drug given
Drug distribution throughout body
Drug metabolism or biotransformation
Rate & route of excretion (kidney)
5

IV fast
ID slow

48
Q

Route of administration

A

Oral (enteral)

Parenteral- injectable (IV, IM, SC or SQ, ID, IP, IA, Intrarticular, IC, intramedullary, Epidural/subdural)

Inhalation

Topical

49
Q

Drug absorption

Bioavailability

A

Degree to which the drug is absorbed & reaches general circulation

Manufacturing effects characteristics of drugs

50
Q

Factors affecting absorption

A
Mechanism
pH & ionization state of drug
Absorptive surface area
Blood supply to area
Solubility of drug (stomach absorbs, change pH)
Dosage form (IJ faster)
Status of GI tract (esp. Orally)
Interaction w/ other drugs
8
51
Q

Legend

Prescription (legend) drug

A

A drug limited to use under the supervision of a vet b/ potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations

52
Q

Extra label use

A

Use of drug not specifically listed on U.S. Food & Drug Adminstration (FDA) approved label

53
Q

Therapeutic drug monitoring

A

Monitoring patient for severe toxic effects

54
Q

Transdermal

A

Skin

55
Q

Lipid solubility tends to be directly proportional to

A

The degree of drug nonionization

56
Q

Degree of lipid solubility of drug expressed as

A

It’s lipid partition coefficient

57
Q

A high lipid partition coefficient indicates

A

Enhanced drug absorption

58
Q

Drugs that are highly lipid soluble tend to move

A

Readily into plasma into the interstitial fluid

In nonionized form drugs follow similar pattern,
Once present in tissues drugs may be stored there.
Tissues like fat, kidney, bone, & liver may act as storage sites 4 drugs like barbiturates, inhalation anesthetics, and others. When drug moves from storage 2 blood, & additional doses are given, an exaggerated or prolonged effect may occur-additive effects

59
Q

Metabolite

A

Once a drug has been biotransformed

Usually inactive, but in some cases may have similar, less, or more activity.

60
Q

Biotransformation

A

or Metabolism, the ability 2 change drug from chemically from the form it was administered to elimination form

Most occurs in liver b/ of action of microsomal enzymes called cytochrome P450 enzyme found in liver cells. (They allow elimination in urine or bile)
Some occurs in kidney, lungs, & nervous system

61
Q

Efficacy

A

The extent to which a drug causes the intended effect in a patient

62
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Complex sequence of events that occur after drug administration

63
Q

Pharmacokinetics

Factors influencing blood levels of a drug & patient’s response

A
  1. Rate of drug absorption
  2. Amount of drug absorbed
  3. Drug distribution throughout body
  4. Drug metabolism or biotransformation
  5. Rate & route of excretion
64
Q

Routes of Administration

A

Oral (enteral)

Parenteral (IV, IM, SC or SQ, ID, IP, IA, intrarticular, IC, intramedullary, epidural/subdural

Inhalation

Topical

65
Q

Drug absorption

Bioavailability:

A

Degree to which the drug is absorbed & reaches general circulation

Manufacturing makes a difference