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Flashcards in General Paediatrics Deck (22)
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1
Q

At what age is handedness ususally established?

A
  • Handedness is usually established by 3 years of age.
  • Developing handedness before 18 months indicates weakness or hypotonia on the less dominant side which may be an early sign of CP.
2
Q

What is the mechanism of action in phototherapy?

A
  • Structural isomerisation to lumirubin (non-reversible) which is more polar and soluble than bilirubin and therefore readily excreted in to bile and urine without conjugation.
  • Photoisomerisation to a less toxic bilirubin isomer (reversible) which is also more soluble and able to be excreted in bile.
  • Photo-oxidisation to polar molecules which are excreted primarily in the urine is a very slow process.
3
Q

What is the average weekly weight gain from birth to 3m?

A
  • 200g (30g/day).
  • Drops to 20g/day at 3 months.
  • Infants up to 3m of age require 115kcal/kg/day to grow.
4
Q

How do you calculate corrected Na?

A
  • Corrected Na = Measured Na + (0.3x [measured gluc - 5.5])
5
Q

Hos do you calculate a GCS?

A
  • > 2y.
  • EMV.
  • Eyes: Spontaneous (4), to voice (3), to pain (2), no response (1).
  • Motor: Obeys commands (6), localises to pain (5), flexion withdrawal (4), abnormal flexion (3), extension (2), no response (1).
  • Voice: Orientated (5), confused (4), inappropriate (3), incomprehensible (2), no response (1)
6
Q

What are risk factors for abusive head trauma?

A
  • Unmarried single mothers associated with greatest risk.
  • Young maternal age also associated.
  • Short interpregnancy interval.
  • Decreased gestational age.
7
Q

What factors are not found to increase the risk of abusive head trauma?

A
  • Maternal drug and alcohol use.
  • Medical or psychiatric history.
  • Smoking.
  • Socioeconomic status.
8
Q

What is a macule?

A
  • Circumscribed flat area, recognisable by colour variation from surrounding skin <1cm.
9
Q

What is a patch?

A
  • Large macule >1cm.
10
Q

What is a papule?

A
  • A circumscribed elevation <1cm.
11
Q

What is a plaque?

A
  • A well circumscribed, elevated, superficial, solid lesion >1cm.
12
Q

What is a nodule?

A
  • A circumscribed solid elevation >1cm.
13
Q

How do you estimate the correct sized ETT tube?

A
  • Under 8 use uncuffed.

- (Age + 16)/4

14
Q

What is pellagra?

A
  • Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency.

- Diarrhoea, dermatits, dementia and dilated cardiomyopathy.

15
Q

What is acrodermatitis enteropathica?

A
  • Zn deficiency.

- Perioral and perianal rash.

16
Q

What is the most important factor influencing prognosis in ASD after intellect?

A
  • Functional speech.

- Level of verbal communication and IQ before 5y are the strongest predictors of outcome.

17
Q

What predictors at 3-5y are associated with more severe ASD at 8-10y?

A
  • At 3-5y, more severe preoccupations with parts of objects, sensory interests and stereotyped motor movements predict less developed cognitive and adaptive skills, and greater ASD symptom severity at 8-10y.
18
Q
  • What percetage of cases of hearing loss are syndromic?
A
  • 30%.
19
Q

What are the most common syndromic causes of hearing loss?

A
  • Usher and Pendred syndrome.
20
Q

What are features of Pendred syndrome?

A
  • Most common AR form of sensorineural hearing loss.

- Also present with thyroid abnormalities.

21
Q

What are features of Waadenburg syndrome?

A
  • Sensorineural hearing loss and and pigmentation abnormalities.
  • WS type 1 has the added feature of dystopia canthorum,
  • WS3 has skeletam abnormalities of the upper lims and WS 4 is associated with Hirschsprungs.
22
Q

What gene mutation is associated with atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata?

A
  • FLG (profilaggrin).