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Flashcards in General Parasitology Deck (74)
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1
Q

Parasitology can only be applied to animal parasites belonging to the ____,_____ and _____.

A

Helminths
Arthropods
Protozoa

2
Q

Includes any reciprocal association in which a spp depend upon another for existence.

A

Parasitism

3
Q

Permanent association of 2 organisms that CANNOT EXIST INDEPENDENTLY.

A

Symbiosis

4
Q

Both organisms benefited.

A

Mutualism

5
Q

In ____, one partner is benefited and the other in unaffected.

A

Commensalism

6
Q

Term used to refer to a weaker organism that obtains food/shelter from other organisms.

A

Parasite

7
Q

Known as harboring species.

A

Host

8
Q

Refers to parasites that live on the outside.

Other term for this mechanism.

A

Ectoparasites

Infestation

9
Q

Parasites that live within the body of the host.

Other term for this mechanism.

A

Endoparasites

Infection

10
Q

Parasites are termed ____ when they are capable of leading both a free and a parasitic existence.

A

Facultative

11
Q

Parasites that take up a permanent residence in and are dependent upon the host.

A

Obligate

12
Q

Parasite that establishes itself in a host in which it does not ordinarily live.

A

Incidental parasite

13
Q

Parasite that is free-living.

A

Temporary parasite

14
Q

Parasite that remains on or in the body of the host through its entire life.

A

Permanent parasite

15
Q

It is an artifact mistaken for a parasite.

A

Pseudoparasite

16
Q

Parasite that is a foreign spp that has passed through the alimentary tract w/o infecting the host.

A

Coprozoic or spurious parasite

17
Q

Family name ends with ____.

Super family ends with ____.

Subfamily ends with ____.

A
  • “idae”
  • “oidae”
  • “inae”
18
Q

2 factors for enhancing conditions for parasitic infection.

A
  1. Irrigation project

2. Use of night soil in agriculture.

19
Q

3 Factors that favor the spread of parasitic diseases.

A
  1. Poor individual sanitation
  2. Low standard of living
  3. Ignorance
20
Q

2 religious rites that are responsible for transmission of infection.

A
  1. Ablution

2. Immersion in heavily contaminated water.

21
Q

This is essential for the development of free-living larvae.

Necessary for propagation and immediate host.

A

Moisture

22
Q

Host that harbors the adult or sexual stage of parasite.

A

Final or definitive host

23
Q

Part or all of the larval/asexual stage may take place in another animal, known as _____ host.

A

Intermediate host

24
Q

Primary and secondary hosts are involved in species namely ____ and ____.

A

Trematodes and Cestodes

25
Q

An animal that harbors the parasite in an arrested state or development.

A

Paratenic host

26
Q

3 types of host to which humans could be classified:

A
  1. Definitive host (beef and pork tapeworms)
  2. Intermediate host ( hydatid tapeworms)
  3. Incidental host
27
Q

Situation in which the infected individual is NOT NECESSARY for the patient’s survival/development.

A

Zoonosis

28
Q

Infection that is normally transmitted only among animals.

A

Zoonotic infection

29
Q

Refers to human host when the cycle for transmission of the parasite cannot be transmitted further.

A

Dead-end host

30
Q

Animal hosts that harbor the same parasite.

A

Reservoir hosts

31
Q

3 Factors involved in transmission or parasites.

A
  1. Source of transmission
  2. Mode or transmission
  3. Presence of susceptible host
32
Q

3 types of host which a human being could be when infected by a parasite.

A
  1. Only host
  2. Principal host
  3. Incidental host
33
Q

Modes of transmission (7).

A
  1. Direct and indirect contact
  2. Food
  3. Water
  4. Soil
  5. Vertebrate vectors
  6. Arthropod vectors
  7. Mother to offspring (rare)
34
Q

Invasion of endoparasites.

A

Infection

35
Q

External parasitism of ectoparasites.

A

Infestation

36
Q

3 Factors affecting the pathogenesis of parasitic infection.

A
  1. Number of parasites
  2. Tissue tropism
  3. Specific mechanism of the damage
37
Q

Parasites capable of multiplying in the host.

A

Protozoa

38
Q

One of the most striking characteristics of parasitic infections.

A

Tissue specificity

39
Q

4 mechanisms by which parasites can damage the host:

A
  1. Mechanical effects (e.g pressure from enlarging cyst)
  2. Invasion and destruction of host cells by parasite itself.
  3. Inflammatory rxn to parasite
  4. Competition for host nutrients.
40
Q

3 Reasons for the ability of the host to withstand infection by a parasite.

A
  1. Physiochemical barriers
  2. Natural resistance
  3. Immunity acquired fr. Previous infxn
41
Q

First type of resistance (3).

A

Intact skin ( parasites that require mucous membranes)

Abrasions for penetration

Chemical milieu in the upper small bowel

42
Q

Science that deals with organisms that take up their abodes on or within other organisms.

A

Parasitology

43
Q

Parasites that often produce secretory and excretory products that are also antigenic.

A

Helmiths

44
Q

Tests involved in demonstrating humoral antibodies: (5)

A
  1. CF (Complement Factor)
  2. HA (Hemagglutination)
  3. A-GP (Agar-gel precipitation)
  4. FAb (Fluorescent Antibody)
  5. ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)
45
Q

Lymphocytes that initiate production of antibodies.

A

B cells

46
Q

Different immunoglobulin classes. (3)

A

IgG, IgM, IgA

47
Q

An elevation level of parasite-specific IgG is an indicator of ___.

A

IgM

48
Q

Immunoglobulins which are elevated during parasitic infection.

A

IgM and IgE

49
Q

Immunoglobulin also referred to as reaginic/skin sensitizing antigen.

A

IgE

50
Q

Plays an important role in some host-parasite interactions involving helminths and protozoa.

A

Serum complement

51
Q

___ or ___ can initiate a variety of immunologic events.

A

Lymphokines or interleukins

52
Q

Measures the degree of response assessed by the degree of proliferation or blast transformation.

A

Incorporation of added radioactive thymidine.

53
Q

Interleukin that regulates IgE production by B cells.

A

IL-4

54
Q

One immunologic manifestation associated with parasitic infections.

A

Eosinophilia

55
Q

Intermediate hosts of trematodes.

A

Snails

56
Q

Term for animal parasitism.

A

Parasitos

57
Q

When the parasite was unable to go to the site of development, no growth will occur.

A

Tissue trophism

58
Q

Heterogenetic association between 2 non-similar organisms.

A

Symbiosis

59
Q

May also refer to mutualism.

Give example.

A

Cleaning symbiosis

Whale shark and small fish relationship

60
Q

Examples of close relationship.

A

Mutualism and Parasitism

61
Q

Examples of loose relationship.

A

Phoresis and Commensalism

62
Q

Host that is not readily affected.

A

Refractory

63
Q

Host that is readily infected

A

Susceptible

64
Q

Host which are commonly vectors.

A

Biologic

65
Q

3 Classifications of parasites.

A
  1. Habitat
  2. Effect to host
  3. Functions
66
Q

Parasites that live with the host while developing and when they are fully developed they leave the host and kill it.

Other name for your answer.

A

Parasitoids

Micropredator

67
Q

Parasites that live with host while developing and leaves the host when fully developed.

A

Protelean

68
Q

Example of multicellular parasites.

A

Helminths

69
Q

Give the two types of helminths and give examples for each.

A
  1. Nematoda - roundworms; ascaris

2. Platyhelmiths - flatworms

70
Q

Single-celled parasite.

A

Protozoan

71
Q

Types of protozoans and examples for each.

A

Amoeba - pseudopods
Flagellates - T. vaginalis
Ciliates - Balantidium coli
Sporozoan - Plasmodium spp.

72
Q

Largest protozoan.

A

Balantidium coli (ciliates)

73
Q

2 types of incubation.

A
  1. Clinical Incubation (person infected - host)

2. Biological Incubation (parasite)

74
Q

Refers to the type of incubation from occurrence of infection up to the parasitic demonstration.

A

Prepotent period (Biological Incubation)