Flashcards in General Semantics / Narratology Deck (80)
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Intrapersonal Communication
communication within the mind
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Interpersonal Communication
communication between people
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What are the 8 types of communication?
Intrapersonal, interpersonal, group and team, organizational, performance, intercultural, media and new tech, and public
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What is communication?
a systemic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings
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Communication is a symbolic activity in that:
they represent or stand for other things, but they are not the things for which they stand
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What are the three a's of symbols?
abstract, arbitrary, and ambiguous
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Abstract
symbols aren't concrete or tangible
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Arbitrary
Non natural or intrinsic relation to what symbols represent
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Ambiguous
meanings aren't clear cut
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a map is a ----- of an actually existing place
abstract
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what to things do symbols allow us to do?
interpret and construct meaning
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Communications studies is the study of
how we create meaning in our lives
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4 goals of theory
1. Description
2. Explanation
3. Prediction
4. Reform
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3 methods of testing theories
1. Quantitative
2. Qualitative
3. Critical Scholarship
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What does S.H.U.T.P stand for?
Scope, Heurism, Utility, Tesatability, Parsimony
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Q: Scope
Does it offer a full description and explanation of the communication it studies?
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Q: Heurism
Is it heuristic (generating new thought. research/insight)
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Q: Utility
Does it have practical utility?
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Q: Testability
is it testable?
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Q: Parismony
Is it appropriately simple?
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Claude Shannon was
a mathematician, engineer and cryptographer
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Warren Weaver was a
scientist, electronic engineer
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What does the encoder/decoder model do?
describes communication as a one way process, communicators are either source or receiver, and focuses on information transmission only, not other dimensions of human communication
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in the 1920s, what type of communications study was hugely influential?
rhetoric
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In the 1920s the focus was on
the source of the message, not the audience
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I.A Richards said
" communication is more than the source, what about the listeners and interpretation?"
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General semantics wants to discover:
how words distort, obscure and compilation understanding: words are slippery
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The ladder of abstraction
the least abstract version of a symbol and at the top we have a higher degree of abstraction: creates another source of misunderstandings between people
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The semantic triangle demonstrates
the relationship between symbols. The real world object as well as the thought or concept that is evoked.
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the three aspects of the semantic triangle are
thought/reference, referent (reality), symbol
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Symbol > thought
symbolizes ( a casual relation)
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Symbol > reality
stands for (an imputed relation)
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thought > reality
refers to (other casual relations)
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symbols are ambiguous because
their meanings change. they are variable and uncleart
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Context refers to (3)
the history between communicators, setting of the communication and the thoughts and feelings of the communicators
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context includes the field of experience, meaning:
the life experiences, attitudes, values that each person brings to an interaction
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What are I.A Richards 4 proposals for better communication?
Intentional vs. Extensional Orientation, Etc., Indexing and Feedforward
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What is Intentional vs. Extensional Orientation
Changing how you use your words vs. reality. For example, saying you're a feminist vs. saying you are a person that believes in the equality between people
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Why use etc.
reminder of all the variable meanings our words have : there is no way to say all that we need to about something
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Indexing
Reminder that meanings change over time, so speak in a way that refers to times, location, etc.
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Feedforward
plan our communication, anticipate the effect of words before speaking and adapt to these anticipated effects
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Critique of Richards:
Practicality
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Who spoke of the "self" "me" "i" the "looking glass self" "others"
George Herbert Mead
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The self emerges from
social interactions: observing and interacting with others and responding to those opinions of you
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According to Mead, are you born with the self?
no
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The development of the self is a
process of learning who we are based on social experiences
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What two parts is the self constituted of?
The me and the I
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What is "me"
the socialized aspect of an individual. Represent the learned behaviours and expectations. Developed with the knowledge of society that we encounter as we interact with the world
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what is the I
imaginative, impulsive, unruly. care little about rules and convention
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The ability to use symbols (words) that have common social meaning is called
the mind
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the looking glass self
labels applied to us by others shape our self identity and behaviours - you internalize the messages you get from others
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2 types of others
particular and generalized
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Who is Kennet Burke?
The foremost rhetorician of the 20th century who sees humans as symbol using animals
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key idea from burke
language gives insight into who a person is and how they see things (worldview)
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Dramatism
an analytical process for gaining insight into a speakers motives and worldview
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2 reasons why human communication is important to burke
we better identify with each other, we can persuade or work out conflict
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Division between people makes us aware of
the need for identification
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what is identificaiton
the common ground that exists between the speaker and the audience: common experiences, language, goals
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without identification, we cannot overcome
division
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According to Burke, humans communicate to overcome
guilt
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Guilt definition to burke
a sense of uneasiness
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3 ways we use language to set us up for feelings of guilt
1. hierarchy
2. perfection
3. the negative
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hierarchical language
language allows us to create categories and judgements that provide foundation for distinct classes
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perfective language
language allows us to imagine and thus strive for the ideal. Humans are rotten with perfection in that there is a gap between reality and the ideal
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negative language
language allows for rules, moral codes that surround us and we can't escape violating: we name what should not be
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2 ways of purging guilt
mortification and victimage
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mortification
purging guilt through self blame, admitting they were wrong, asking for forgiveness
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victimage
purge guilt by blaming an external source for wrong doing: not the speakers fault
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what is the core plot of human drama
the guilt redemption cycle
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5 aspects of the dramatistic pentad
act/scene/agent/agency/purpose
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3 critiques of dramatism
it is obscure and confusing, it is too broad of a scope, and questions if guilt is always the underlying motivation for human action
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Walter Fisher discusses the
narrative paradigm
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Walter fisher argues that
human beings experience and comprehend life as a narrative. We are story tellers
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W.F says most communication assumes narrative form because
this is how humans understand expereince
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Narration
people use words and actions to communicate meaning for those who live, create or interpret them
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paradigm
a conceptual framework: a universal model that calls for people to view events through a common lens
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the rational world paradigm suggests
that people are essentially rational and that decisions are based on argument and logic
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2 standards of narrative rationality
coherence and fidelity
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coherence
does the story make sense?
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