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Genetics PPT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what do chromosomes consist of

A

nucleic acid and protein

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2
Q

what are the two forms that Streptococcus pneumoniae exist in

A

• Encapsulated, virulent form
 Smooth in colony appearance
• Nonencapsulated, avirulent form
 Rough in colony appearance

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3
Q

who did an experiment in 1928 with Streptococcus S and R Cells

A

Fred Griffith

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4
Q

who conducted a 14 year study to identify the

transforming agent identified by Griffith.

A

Oswald Avery (1944)

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5
Q

examined the nitrogenous bases found in DNA He found that the composition of the nitrogenous bases varies from species to species

A

Erwin Chargaff (1947)

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6
Q

The experiments by them provided additional evidence for DNA as the carrier of information

A

Hershey and Chase (1952)

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7
Q

what did Hershey and Chase do

A

used radioactive labels to identify the protein and DNA components of the T2phage

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8
Q

Complete set of genetic information is referred to as

a

A

genome

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9
Q

Genome of all cells is composed of

A

DNA

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10
Q

Functional unit of genome is the

A

gene

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11
Q

Gene codes for

A

gene product

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12
Q

Gene product is most commonly

A

protein

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13
Q

Study of transfer of genes

A

genetics

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14
Q

Study of sequence of DNA

A

genomics

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15
Q

Living cells must accomplish what two general tasks to multiply

A

DNA replication and DNA expression (gene expression)

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16
Q

Expression involves what

A

transcription and translation

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17
Q

this copies information in DNA to RNA

A

transcription

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18
Q

this interprets RNA to synthesize protein

A

translation

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19
Q

what is DNA made up of

A

deoxyribonucleotides

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20
Q

what do the nucleotides include

A

Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose), and Nitrogenous base

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21
Q

what does the joining of nucleotides create

A

an alternating sugarphosphate backbone

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22
Q

DNA occurs as what

A

double-stranded molecule

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23
Q

strands are held together by what

A

hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

what are the complementary pairs

A

A is bound to T by two hydrogen bonds

G is bound to C by three hydrogen bonds

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25
what causes strands to differ at the | ends
Chemical structure and | joining of nucleotide subunits
26
DNA molecule is
anti parallel
27
One strand has a phosphate attached at the number 5 | carbon of the sugar
5 prime end
28
The other strand has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of the sugar
3 prime end
29
how does prokaryotic DNA usually exist
closed circular, double stranded DNA molecule
30
Looped and coiled extensively is what
supercoiled
31
Portion of the genome that contains an origin and is replicated as a unit
replicon
32
replication in prokaryotes is
bidirectional
33
why is DNA replicated
to create a second copy of the molecule
34
This is a complex process involving numerous enzymes | and proteins
DNA replication
35
two parental strands separate and serve as templates for synthesis of new strands
semiconservative
36
The two new molecules each contain
a parental and new strand
37
As the strands of DNA unwind, an area of replication called the ________ ______ is created
replication fork
38
As nucleotides are added, the replication fork moves along the
parental strand
39
how is DNA synthesized
one nucleotide at a time
40
enzymes, in regards to DNA replication, ...
read DNA template in 3’ to 5’ direction
41
DNA polymerase, in regards to DNA replication, ...
replicates in 5’ to 3’ direction
42
Is synthesized continuously as the DNA polymerase | moves towards the replication fork
leading strand
43
Is synthesized discontinuously, in pieces, as DNA | polymerase moves away from the replication fork
lagging strand
44
DNA polymerase must bind to ___ ____ to begin | synthesis
an RNA primer
45
what joins the fragments of the lagging strand
DNA ligase
46
complete sequence of events extending from formation of a new cell through next division
cell cycle
47
what are the two separate control pathways in E coli
sensitive to cell mass | sensitive to cell length
48
DNA replicated then septation begins
slow growth rate
49
DNA replicated and new round of DNA replication begins before septation begins
rapid growth rate
50
what does gene expression in bacteria involve
transcription and translation
51
Carries the coded information from DNA to the ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis Plays an important role in translation
mRNA
52
transcription in prokaryotes...
catalyzed by a single RNA polymerase | • large multi-subunit enzyme
53
RNA polymerase can only add nucleotides...
to the 3’ end of a chain
54
RNA polymerase binds to a region of the DNA called the
promoter
55
one strand of DNA acts as a template
sense strand
56
strand not transcribed
nonsense strand
57
subunit that recognizes the promoter before initiation of transcription.
sigma factor
58
during this, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and melts (unwinds) a short piece of DNA
initiation
59
The single-stranded mRNA transcript is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction RNA polymerase advances along DNA, melting a section at a time and allowing the previous section to close
elongation
60
When polymerase encounters the termination code it | dissociates from DNA and releases mRNA
termination
61
A transcript for one gene
monocistronic
62
transcript for multiple genes
polycistronic
63
what are the RNA molecules involved in translation
* Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | * Transfer RNA (tRNA)
64
what are the two general mechanisms of metabolic pathways
Allosteric inhibition of enzymes | Controlling synthesis of enzymes
65
Many genes are not regulated, their products being | produced all the time
constitutive enzymes
66
Regulation of gene expression... (3)
``` conserves energy and raw materials • maintains balance between the amounts of various cell proteins • allows organism to adapt to long-term environmental change ```

Microbiology (26 decks)

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