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genitourinary (3) Flashcards

1
Q

3 causes of UTIs

A
  • bacterial
  • viral
  • fungal
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2
Q

what is a lower UTI called and what does it effect

A
  • cystitis
  • urethra and bladder
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3
Q

what is an upper UTI called and what does it effect

A
  • pyelonephritis
  • ureters, renal pelvis, renal parenchima
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4
Q

which gender do UTIs effect more

A

girls

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5
Q

why would a bladder be non-palpable

A

emptying often

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6
Q

what confirms a UTI

A

urine C&S

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7
Q

how long are antibiotics taken for UTI

A

7-14 days

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8
Q

whats conditions involve abnormal location of urethral meatus?

A

hypospadias and epispadias

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9
Q

is hypospadias dorsal or ventral

A

ventral

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10
Q

what results from failure of urethral folds to fuse completely over the urethral grove

A

hypospadias or epispadias

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11
Q

is there a familial tendency or hypo/epispadias

A

yes

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12
Q

which 4 conditions can occur in conjunction with hypo/epispadias

A
  • congenital cordae
  • inguinal hernias
  • cryptorchidism (undescended testes)
  • partial absebce of foreskin
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13
Q

treatment for hypo/epispadias

A
  • surgical repair, usually wait for circumcision becuase they may use the skin for it in repair
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14
Q

what are the 2 components of hypospadias repair

A
  • new urethral meaus
  • stent/catheter in place for urinary drainage
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15
Q

which diapering technique is used after hypospadias surgery

A
  • double diapering
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16
Q

describe double diapering after hypospadias surgery

A

one diaper is used for stool (underneath), it has a hole in it where a catheter is threaded through to catch urine stream

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17
Q

what is when urine backs up from the bladder into the kidneys due to the ureter opening sitting too low

A

vesicoureteral reflux

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18
Q

what does vesicoureteral reflux cause

A

infection

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19
Q

what does increased pressure in the kidneys from vesticoureteral refulx cause

A

renal scarring, hypertension, possible renal failure

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20
Q

what diagnoses vesticoureteral reflux

A

voiding cystourethrogram

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21
Q

what is the treatment of vesticoureteral reflux

A

surgery (ureteral reimplantation, reimplant ureter in another place)

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22
Q

when can patients leave after vesticoureteral reflux surgery

A

when they can pee on theri own without a foley

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23
Q

what meds are used after vesticoureteral reflux surgery

A

pain meds, antispasmodics, antibiotics

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24
Q

for what temperature should a parent call the physican after vesticoureteral reflux surgery

A

greater than 38.5

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25
how long should children avoid acive play after vesticoureteral reflux suregry
3 weeks (hard to comply)
26
what is repeated involuntary voiding after child is expected to have bladder control (5-6 y.o.)
enuresis
27
nocturnal vs. diurnal enuresis
nocturnal is only at night, diurnal can be during day too
28
primary vs. secondary enuresis
* primary= never had a dry night before (always happened) * secondary= dry for 6-12 months, then it starts. caused by stress, infection, sleep disorder
29
what type of enuresis is more common
primary
30
is enuresis more common in girls or boys?
boys
31
what are the 3 non-pharm treatments for enuresis
* fluid restriction (at night or bedtime) * bladder training * enuresis alarms
32
what are bladder training methods for enuresis
* bladder exercises (start/stop stream) * timed voiding (q2h, double voiding pattern)
33
what meds used for enuresis has an antidiuretic effect to decrease urine at night
desmopressin
34
what meds used for enuresis is a tricyclic antidepressant, has an anticholinergic effect, and stimulates the CNS to allow the child to awake to pee
imipramide
35
what meds used for enuresis increases bladder capacity
oxybutynin
36
what is an alteration in kidney function secondary to increased glomerular membrane permeability to plasma protein
nephrotic syndrome
37
what is characterized by edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, and altered immunity
nephrotic syndrome
38
what syndrome affects 85% of children with nephrotic syndrome
minimal change nephrotic syndrome
39
s/sx of minimal change nephrotic syndrome
* gradual weight gain * periorbital edema in AM, moves to abd * generalized edema * child feels "yucky"
40
minimal change nephrotic syndrome effects on renal system
decreased output, dark frothy urine
41
minimal change nephrotic syndrome effects on cardio system
HTN
42
minimal change nephrotic syndrome vascular effects
thrombosis
43
minimal change nephrotic syndrome effects on GI system
anorexia, vomiting, abd pain
44
minimal change nephrotic syndrome effects on skin
pallor, brittle hair, edema, shiny skin, prominent veins
45
minimal change nephrotic syndrome effects on resp system
resp distress from pulmonary effusion
46
what is the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome based on?
* history * physical * presence of symptoms * lab findings
47
what lab finding are seen in nephrotic syndrome
3-4+ protein in urine bloodwork
48
what is the goal of neohrotic syndrome treatment
to get into remission
49
what med is used to decrease protein in nephrotic syndrome
corticosteroids (IV or PO)
50
what med for nephrotic syndrome treatment replaces deficiencies and helps edema
IV albumin
51
what med for nephrotic syndrome treatment induces diuresis
furosemide
52
what med for nephrotic syndrome treatment controls and prevents infection
antibiotics
53
nutritional needs of nephrotic syndrome
no added salt
54
why is it imprtant to continue monitoring nephrotic syndrome after it subsides
relapses
55
what is inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys
acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis
56
what is APIGN in response to?
group A beta hemolytic strep infection (skin or pharynx)
57
why does edema happen in APIGN?
kidneys become incapable of filtering and emilinating wastes (sodium and water)
58
clinical manifestations of APIGN
* abrupt onset * flank/abd pain * irritability * malaise * fever * hematuria * proteinuriary congestion or ascites * mild periorbital edema * dependent edema -> pulmonary congestion or ascites * HTN
59
what aspects of blood will be increased with APIGN
BUN, creatinine, WBC count, sed rate
60
what in blood is decreased in APIGN
serum protein, H&H
61
what does an elevated ASO titer mean for APIGN
shows if they had strep throat (not skin)
62
what is abnormal in a urinalysis with APIGN
hematuria and proteinuria
63
what are s/sx of pulmonary congestion in APIGN
dyspnea, resp distress, dull pain, cough, crackles
64
what activity is ordered for someone with APIGN
bedrest
65
what is when foreskin cant be retracted over the glans penis. (normal in uncircumsized)
phimosis
66
what is when retracted forskin wont return to normal position
paraphimosis
67
what is an emergent condition where the scrotum is twisted, cutting off blood supply to testes. has severe pain and edema in scrotum
testicular torsion
68
when is surgery needed for testicular torsion
within 6 hrs
69
what is infection of upper genital tract caused by STIs
pelvic inflammatory disease
70
s/sx of pelvid inflammatory disease
lower abd pain, dysmenorrhea/ prolonged menses, discharge, pain w/ sex, n/v fever
71
what does pelvic inflammatory disease lead to?
infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain
72
describe antibiotic treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease
IV 24h, then oral

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