GEO Final Flashcards Preview

Geography > GEO Final > Flashcards

Flashcards in GEO Final Deck (112)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

extractive industries

A

industries that deal with “harvesting” raw materials. Exist in the primary sector including mining, fishing, farming and ranching.

2
Q

Secondary Sector

A

manufacturing/processing sector

3
Q

Quaternary Sector

A

Handling and processing of knowledge and information

4
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum population that can be maintained in a place at rates of resource use and waste production that are sustainable in the long term without damaging the overall productivity of that or other places, recognizes not all cultivable land is of the same quality

5
Q

neoliberalism

A

in international research, this means pro-free-trade and privatization of formerly public concerns and opposition to government control; this term can be confusing because it resembles priorities of American conservatism

6
Q

export processing zones (epz)

A

small areas where governments create especially favorable investment and trading conditions in order to attract export-oriented industries; ex of such conditions, minimum bureaucracy, absence of foreign exchange controls

7
Q

masquiladora

A

“sister factories” established in Mexico within 19 km of the border with the US encouraged by cheap labor and tax breaks, they manufacture products designed for re-export; an example of the type of subcontracting carried out by big transnational corporations

8
Q

agglomeration effects

A

interdependencies including the cost advantages that accrue to individual firms because of their location among functionally related activities

9
Q

forward linkages

A

these develop as new firms arrive to take the finished products of the growing industry and use them in their own processing, assembly, finishing, packaging, or distributing ops

10
Q

backward linkages

A

these develop as new firms arrive to provide the growing industry with components, supplies specialized services, or facilities

11
Q

development theory

A

-WW Rostow in 1960. puts economies on a single path with us ahead and poor people catching up. This (outmoded) model disregards the way poor countries are prevented by the rich countries from following the same path.

12
Q

dependency theory

A

Rapid development in one place has very often been made possible by slow development somewhere else. theory that with too much aid country will become dependent on aid. Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein & Paul Knox

13
Q

ecological fotprint

A

a measure of the human pressures on the natural environment from the consumption of renewable resources and the pollution of production

14
Q

fair trade movement

A

result of increasing awareness within developed countries of the weak bargaining position of many small producers at the beginning of commodity chains, a global network of producers at the beginning of commodity chains, global network of producers

15
Q

benefits of fair trade movement

A

creates opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers, builds productive capacity, properly rewarded women’s work, protect a safe and healthy work environment for the people

16
Q

Ken Saro-Wiwa

A

Nigerian writer, television producer, environmental activist who called attention to the “dark side of globalization” in africa, led a non-violent campaign against environmental degradation of Ogoni land by the multinational petroleum industry

17
Q

International Coffee agreement

A

a deal made between coffee producing countries and consuming countries signed in 1962, it is aimed at maintaining exporting countries’ quotas and keeping prices of a particular commodity high and stable in the market

18
Q

American Exceptionalism

A

theory that the US is qualitatively different from other nation states

19
Q

Lebensraum

A

Meaning “living space” it was a basic principle of Nazi foreign policy. Hitler believed that Eastern Europe had to be conquered to create a vast German empire for more physical space, a greater population, and new territory to supply food and raw materials

20
Q

Kyoto protocol

A

international treaty that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

21
Q

supranational organization

A

multi-national organization where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by Governments of member states EX European Union & World Trade Organization

22
Q

Likud

A

a prominent, right-wing Israeli political party formed in 1973

23
Q

Diaspora

A

the movement, migration, or scattering of a people away from an established or ancestral homeland

24
Q

Zionism

A

nationalist and political movement of Jews and Jewish culture supports the reestablishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic land of Israel

25
Q

Checkpoints

A

barrier erected by the Israeli Defense Forces with the stated aim of enhancing the security of Israel and Israeli settlements and preventing those who wish to do harm from crossing. Palestinians must use them to get from one area back to the other in the West Bank

26
Q

tertiary sector

A

producer of services: shipping, warehousing, wholesale, FIRE (finance, investment, real estate) advertising, accounting and consumer services

27
Q

political discourse

A

this refers to the underlying assumptions and parameters of any (political) discussion and debate, includes various media, various social contracts

28
Q

political culture

A

the attitudes about governance, authority, social order and the use of force that influence elections; includes particular concept of what makes authority legitimate, particular views of the legit scope of government power over individual lives

29
Q

gerrymandering

A

a technique that draws boundaries around voting districts to favor one group over another. Includes cracking and packing

30
Q

geopolitics

A

the states power to control space or territory and shape international relations. also geographic knowledge in the service of defense and conquest, which can include settlement claims, the waging of war, and the justification of intervention and/or domination

31
Q

state

A

a political entity characterized by having sovereignty and internationally recognized borders

32
Q

nation

A

a group of people with claim to a shared past, common culture, and collective destiny

33
Q

enclave

A

this is a hole in a political territory created by a sovereign or semi-sovereign entity (state, tribal homeland, or Indian rez) or by a fragment of a foreign country. Can also refer to a district, province, region or town

34
Q

sectionalism

A

an extreme devotion to local interests and customs

35
Q

NIMBYism

A

“Not in my backyard” type of local sectionalism against land use of a certain kind. Action by neighborhood residents against the intro of unwanted land use

36
Q

colonialism

A

this process involves the formal establishment and maintenance of rule by a sovereign power over a foreign population through the establishment of settlements

37
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

1823- a US geopolitical strategy that stated that any European interference with states in the Western hemisphere would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring US intervention

38
Q

domino theory

A

during the cold war, the US’s appropriation Mackinder’s “heartland” idea, this refers the belief that if one country “fell to communism” the countries around it would also fall, a kind of paranoid diffusion theory

39
Q

critical geopolitics

A

a set of geographical methods and theories for studying how intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about places, these ideas have influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices, and these ideas affect how we, the people, process our own notions of places and politics

40
Q

urbanization

A

refers to an increase in the proportion of a population that lives in metropolitan areas, not the growth of the absolute number of people living in cities or the physical growth of the urban area, or even the proportion of a country’s area that is urban

41
Q

urban hearth

A

an area where the formation of urbanization development first began ie Mesopotamia and Nile river valley

42
Q

defensive stronghold

A

a type of community in early medieval Europe that was supported by a feudal state; examples include the hilltop towns of central Italy, such as Foligno, Montecompatri, and Urbino

43
Q

break-in-bulk site

A

where goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another

44
Q

urban system

A

interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified region

45
Q

urban form

A

physical structure and organization of cities

46
Q

world city

A

city in which a disproportionate part of the world’s most important business is conducted

47
Q

megacity

A

very large city, usually in developing countries, characterized by both primary and high centrality within its national economy, typically has little influence over the global economic system

48
Q

segregation

A

spatial separation of specific population subgroups within a wider population

49
Q

decentralization

A

largely attributed to the result of de-industrialization, the spatial dispersion of jobs and people from larger to smaller cities within the urban systems of core countries, and from metropolitan cores to suburban and ex-urban fringes

50
Q

multiple-nuclei model

A

model of urbanization proposed by Chuancy Harris and Edward Ullman in which decentralized nodes of different categories of land use end up in many different configurations, depending on local conditions

51
Q

gentrification

A

invasion of older, centrally located, working class neighborhoods by higher income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and well-located residences

52
Q

sprawl

A

ad hoc, unplanned suburban development with far-reaching ecological consequences; rationalized, standardized and tightly zoend off-ramp subdivisions are “placeless neighborhoods that lack visual, demographic, and social diversity”

53
Q

automobile dependence

A

the tendency for cities to be organized and zoned around the utility of the automobile resulting in suburban nodes of commercial and industrial activity that were not arranged in any predictable fashion excerpt in relation to surrounding land uses; largely associated with the federal subsidization of the American freeway system

54
Q

white flight

A

a mid twentieth century American phenomenon characterized by large-scale migration of white populations from the urban core to more suburban areas. Reasons include racial tension surrounding desegregation, redlining of “high risk” districts

55
Q

leapfrog development

A

denotes a lack of density or connection between suburban development, such examples include: green belts and undeveloped land

56
Q

edge city

A

nodal concentrations of shopping and office space situated on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas, typically near major highway intersections. ex round rock near I35

57
Q

greenfields

A

undeveloped land which can include natural open space, prime agricultural land, or vacant space within urban areas that are controlled by public entities and not open for public use

58
Q

brownfields

A

a land previously used and contaminated by industrial or commercial uses that can be refurbished and redeveloped for other uses with proper investment

59
Q

smart growth

A

opposite of sprawl. Compact and connected growth development patterns that follow ten basic principles, including: mixed land uses, highly density residential dwellings, walkability, affordability

60
Q

sustainable development

A

vision of development that seeks a balance among economic growth, environmental impacts, and social equity

61
Q

cycle of poverty

A

the transmission of poverty and deprivation from one generation to another through a combination of domestic circumstances and local, neighboring conditions

62
Q

redlining

A

practice whereby lending institutions delimit “bad-risk” neighborhoods on a city map and then use the map as a basis for determining loans. discriminatory process

63
Q

urban infrastructure

A

includes roads, bridges, parking spaces, transit systems, communications systems, power lines, street lighting, water mains, sewers and drains; many of these types of infrastructure have experienced neglect due to increased fiscal instability resulting from “fiscal squeeze”

64
Q

zoning

A

parcels and tracts of land classified by allowable uses

65
Q

fiscal squeeze

A

increasing limitations on tax revenues combined with increasing demands for expenditures on urban infrastructure and city services; the revenue-generating potential of most central cities has steadily fallen as metropolitan areas have lost both residential and commercial taxpayers to suburban jurisdictions. Also growth in property-tax revenues from older, decaying neighborhoods has slowed as the growth of property values has slowed

66
Q

Primary scetor

A

this is the sector of an economy making direct use of natural resources. This includes agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining

67
Q

International division of labor

A

specialization, by countries, in particular products of export

68
Q

newly industrialized countries

A

countries formerly peripheral, within the world system, that have acquired a significant industrial sector, usually through foreign direct investment

69
Q

uneven development

A

the increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy

70
Q

commodity export economy

A

economies that depend on three or fewer commodities for more that half of their exports or often rely on a single commodity for a large share of export earnings

71
Q

GDP

A

gross domestic product:estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year

72
Q

GDP per capita

A

a measure of the total output of a country that takes the GDP and divides it by number of people i ncountry

73
Q

GNI

A

gross national income similar to GDP, but includes income from abroad

74
Q

neoliberal economic policies

A

economic policies that are predicted on a minimalist role for the states, assuming the desirability of free markets as the ideal conditions not only for economic organizations but also for political and social life

75
Q

Democratic strongholds

A

currently the West coast, Northeast, and upper midwest . usually more urban areas of the city

76
Q

Republican strongholds

A

the South, High Plains, and interior West are Republican Strongholds

77
Q

packing

A

refers to the gerrymandering process of filing an entire district with people that all vote one way

78
Q

cracking

A

refers to the gerrymandering process of splitting up voters that vote the same way into many districts

79
Q

political iconography

A

symbols of political regions or ideas. Some geographers theorize that the political iconography of landscape derives from an elite, dominant group in a country’s population and that its purpose is to legitimize or justify its power

80
Q

nationalism

A

feeling of belonging to nation as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs

81
Q

sovereignty

A

exercise of state power over own people and territories, recognized by other states and codified by international law

82
Q

nested territories

A

territories within territories (ex UT is a nested territory within Austin)

83
Q

imperialism

A

extension of the power of a nation through direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories

84
Q

orientalism

A

discourse that positions the West as cultural-superior to the East

85
Q

decolonization

A

the acquisition by colonized people of control over their own territory

86
Q

Halford Mackinder

A

developed Mackinder theory

87
Q

heartland theory

A

demonstrates British anxieties about their insular location and their dependence on maritime power. Reflected fears that Eurasia would evolve into a single country from sea to shining sea

88
Q

containment

A

the US foreign policies to try and stop the spread of communism during Cold War

89
Q

isolationism

A

the US foreign policy of staying out of entanglements with European affairs. Reason why we entered both World Wars, late

90
Q

Samuel Huntington

A

wrote Clash of Civilizations, thought that most important conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating these civilizations from one another

91
Q

Francis Fukuyama

A

author of the End of History and the Last Man, helped establish new world order in the popular imagination, said that what we may be witnessing is not just the end of the cold war but the end of universalization of western liberal democracy as the final form of human government

92
Q

Karl Haushofer

A

coined geopolitik, a term which implies aggressive nationalism. Nation-state as an organic entity, territoriality, environmental determinism, racial/cultural chauvinism

93
Q

geopolitik

A

German term implies a particular kind of geopolitics, nation-state viewed as an organic entity

94
Q

Bush doctrine

A

anticipatory action to defend ourselves (the US) even if uncertainty remains as to the tiem and place of the enemy’s attack

95
Q

US unilateralism

A

under the bush administration, the US opposed virtually all global agreements and treaties, including the treaty on small arms trade, convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination , Kyoto Protocol on global warming

96
Q

UN convention on the rights of the child

A

Mandates states recognition of children as having legal rights

97
Q

European Union

A

politico-economic union of 28 member states that are exclusively in Europe. EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states

98
Q

supranational organization

A

multinational organization where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states

99
Q

Israel

A

the current state of Israel established in 1948, accounts of the Jewish people in the old testament/Torah, accounts of Judea and Samariah in the Old testament/ Torah and the actual historic part of the region

100
Q

Palestinians

A

a nation without a tangible state

101
Q

Judea and Samariah

A

area inhabited by Canaanites and Philistines until about 1020 bce, conquest of these groups by Israelites, about 450 years of Jewish control. Beginning of the diaspora

102
Q

West Bank

A

area on the western side of the Jordan River occupied by Israel since 1967 with parts having been transferred to Palestinian

103
Q

Gaza strip

A

strip of territory along Mediterranean Sea bordering Israel on the East and Egypt to the South and since 1994 under Palestinian self-rule

104
Q

Golan Heights

A

disputed area between Israel and Syria, under Syrian control until 1967 when they were stoormed by Israeli forces. Jewish settlements have since been established and are cause for conflict

105
Q

Sykes-Picot agreement

A

British fostered an uprising against the Ottoman empire. At the end of WW2, a secret agreement between British and French split control of the middle east. Britain took Sotuh, France took North, Palestine was under international control

106
Q

Balfour declaration

A

British Government expressing its support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

107
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

1299-1922 Core was in Anatolia (modern day Turkey) replacement of orthodox Christianity: Jerusalem falls in 1200’s and Constantinople in 1453

108
Q

Warsaw ghetto

A

jailing a whole community of Jews during the German occupation of Poland in WWII

109
Q

Palestinian refugee camps

A

59 camps throughout Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Gaza and the West Bank. 1.1 million Palestinians are currently living in these camps as permanent refugees. 1/2 are kids, exemplify why Palestinians are a nation without a state

110
Q

Israeli Settlements

A

maale adumim, and the West Bank. Israeli settlements control 42 percent of the West Bank and 21 percent of the settlements built up areas are on private Palestinian

111
Q

urban site

A

site is how a city sits on the physical ground

112
Q

urban situation

A

the situation is the relationship between a city and rest of urban system in which it is located ie New Orleans is 350 miles away from Houston