extractive industries
industries that deal with “harvesting” raw materials. Exist in the primary sector including mining, fishing, farming and ranching.
Secondary Sector
manufacturing/processing sector
Quaternary Sector
Handling and processing of knowledge and information
carrying capacity
the maximum population that can be maintained in a place at rates of resource use and waste production that are sustainable in the long term without damaging the overall productivity of that or other places, recognizes not all cultivable land is of the same quality
neoliberalism
in international research, this means pro-free-trade and privatization of formerly public concerns and opposition to government control; this term can be confusing because it resembles priorities of American conservatism
export processing zones (epz)
small areas where governments create especially favorable investment and trading conditions in order to attract export-oriented industries; ex of such conditions, minimum bureaucracy, absence of foreign exchange controls
masquiladora
“sister factories” established in Mexico within 19 km of the border with the US encouraged by cheap labor and tax breaks, they manufacture products designed for re-export; an example of the type of subcontracting carried out by big transnational corporations
agglomeration effects
interdependencies including the cost advantages that accrue to individual firms because of their location among functionally related activities
forward linkages
these develop as new firms arrive to take the finished products of the growing industry and use them in their own processing, assembly, finishing, packaging, or distributing ops
backward linkages
these develop as new firms arrive to provide the growing industry with components, supplies specialized services, or facilities
development theory
-WW Rostow in 1960. puts economies on a single path with us ahead and poor people catching up. This (outmoded) model disregards the way poor countries are prevented by the rich countries from following the same path.
dependency theory
Rapid development in one place has very often been made possible by slow development somewhere else. theory that with too much aid country will become dependent on aid. Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein & Paul Knox
ecological fotprint
a measure of the human pressures on the natural environment from the consumption of renewable resources and the pollution of production
fair trade movement
result of increasing awareness within developed countries of the weak bargaining position of many small producers at the beginning of commodity chains, a global network of producers at the beginning of commodity chains, global network of producers
benefits of fair trade movement
creates opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers, builds productive capacity, properly rewarded women’s work, protect a safe and healthy work environment for the people
Ken Saro-Wiwa
Nigerian writer, television producer, environmental activist who called attention to the “dark side of globalization” in africa, led a non-violent campaign against environmental degradation of Ogoni land by the multinational petroleum industry
International Coffee agreement
a deal made between coffee producing countries and consuming countries signed in 1962, it is aimed at maintaining exporting countries’ quotas and keeping prices of a particular commodity high and stable in the market
American Exceptionalism
theory that the US is qualitatively different from other nation states
Lebensraum
Meaning “living space” it was a basic principle of Nazi foreign policy. Hitler believed that Eastern Europe had to be conquered to create a vast German empire for more physical space, a greater population, and new territory to supply food and raw materials
Kyoto protocol
international treaty that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
supranational organization
multi-national organization where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by Governments of member states EX European Union & World Trade Organization
Likud
a prominent, right-wing Israeli political party formed in 1973
Diaspora
the movement, migration, or scattering of a people away from an established or ancestral homeland
Zionism
nationalist and political movement of Jews and Jewish culture supports the reestablishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic land of Israel
Checkpoints
barrier erected by the Israeli Defense Forces with the stated aim of enhancing the security of Israel and Israeli settlements and preventing those who wish to do harm from crossing. Palestinians must use them to get from one area back to the other in the West Bank
tertiary sector
producer of services: shipping, warehousing, wholesale, FIRE (finance, investment, real estate) advertising, accounting and consumer services
political discourse
this refers to the underlying assumptions and parameters of any (political) discussion and debate, includes various media, various social contracts
political culture
the attitudes about governance, authority, social order and the use of force that influence elections; includes particular concept of what makes authority legitimate, particular views of the legit scope of government power over individual lives
gerrymandering
a technique that draws boundaries around voting districts to favor one group over another. Includes cracking and packing
geopolitics
the states power to control space or territory and shape international relations. also geographic knowledge in the service of defense and conquest, which can include settlement claims, the waging of war, and the justification of intervention and/or domination
state
a political entity characterized by having sovereignty and internationally recognized borders
nation
a group of people with claim to a shared past, common culture, and collective destiny
enclave
this is a hole in a political territory created by a sovereign or semi-sovereign entity (state, tribal homeland, or Indian rez) or by a fragment of a foreign country. Can also refer to a district, province, region or town
sectionalism
an extreme devotion to local interests and customs
NIMBYism
“Not in my backyard” type of local sectionalism against land use of a certain kind. Action by neighborhood residents against the intro of unwanted land use
colonialism
this process involves the formal establishment and maintenance of rule by a sovereign power over a foreign population through the establishment of settlements
Monroe Doctrine
1823- a US geopolitical strategy that stated that any European interference with states in the Western hemisphere would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring US intervention
domino theory
during the cold war, the US’s appropriation Mackinder’s “heartland” idea, this refers the belief that if one country “fell to communism” the countries around it would also fall, a kind of paranoid diffusion theory
critical geopolitics
a set of geographical methods and theories for studying how intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about places, these ideas have influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices, and these ideas affect how we, the people, process our own notions of places and politics
urbanization
refers to an increase in the proportion of a population that lives in metropolitan areas, not the growth of the absolute number of people living in cities or the physical growth of the urban area, or even the proportion of a country’s area that is urban
urban hearth
an area where the formation of urbanization development first began ie Mesopotamia and Nile river valley
defensive stronghold
a type of community in early medieval Europe that was supported by a feudal state; examples include the hilltop towns of central Italy, such as Foligno, Montecompatri, and Urbino
break-in-bulk site
where goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another
urban system
interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified region
urban form
physical structure and organization of cities
world city
city in which a disproportionate part of the world’s most important business is conducted
megacity
very large city, usually in developing countries, characterized by both primary and high centrality within its national economy, typically has little influence over the global economic system
segregation
spatial separation of specific population subgroups within a wider population
decentralization
largely attributed to the result of de-industrialization, the spatial dispersion of jobs and people from larger to smaller cities within the urban systems of core countries, and from metropolitan cores to suburban and ex-urban fringes
multiple-nuclei model
model of urbanization proposed by Chuancy Harris and Edward Ullman in which decentralized nodes of different categories of land use end up in many different configurations, depending on local conditions
gentrification
invasion of older, centrally located, working class neighborhoods by higher income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and well-located residences
sprawl
ad hoc, unplanned suburban development with far-reaching ecological consequences; rationalized, standardized and tightly zoend off-ramp subdivisions are “placeless neighborhoods that lack visual, demographic, and social diversity”
automobile dependence
the tendency for cities to be organized and zoned around the utility of the automobile resulting in suburban nodes of commercial and industrial activity that were not arranged in any predictable fashion excerpt in relation to surrounding land uses; largely associated with the federal subsidization of the American freeway system
white flight
a mid twentieth century American phenomenon characterized by large-scale migration of white populations from the urban core to more suburban areas. Reasons include racial tension surrounding desegregation, redlining of “high risk” districts
leapfrog development
denotes a lack of density or connection between suburban development, such examples include: green belts and undeveloped land
edge city
nodal concentrations of shopping and office space situated on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas, typically near major highway intersections. ex round rock near I35
greenfields
undeveloped land which can include natural open space, prime agricultural land, or vacant space within urban areas that are controlled by public entities and not open for public use
brownfields
a land previously used and contaminated by industrial or commercial uses that can be refurbished and redeveloped for other uses with proper investment
smart growth
opposite of sprawl. Compact and connected growth development patterns that follow ten basic principles, including: mixed land uses, highly density residential dwellings, walkability, affordability
sustainable development
vision of development that seeks a balance among economic growth, environmental impacts, and social equity
cycle of poverty
the transmission of poverty and deprivation from one generation to another through a combination of domestic circumstances and local, neighboring conditions
redlining
practice whereby lending institutions delimit “bad-risk” neighborhoods on a city map and then use the map as a basis for determining loans. discriminatory process
urban infrastructure
includes roads, bridges, parking spaces, transit systems, communications systems, power lines, street lighting, water mains, sewers and drains; many of these types of infrastructure have experienced neglect due to increased fiscal instability resulting from “fiscal squeeze”
zoning
parcels and tracts of land classified by allowable uses
fiscal squeeze
increasing limitations on tax revenues combined with increasing demands for expenditures on urban infrastructure and city services; the revenue-generating potential of most central cities has steadily fallen as metropolitan areas have lost both residential and commercial taxpayers to suburban jurisdictions. Also growth in property-tax revenues from older, decaying neighborhoods has slowed as the growth of property values has slowed
Primary scetor
this is the sector of an economy making direct use of natural resources. This includes agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining
International division of labor
specialization, by countries, in particular products of export
newly industrialized countries
countries formerly peripheral, within the world system, that have acquired a significant industrial sector, usually through foreign direct investment
uneven development
the increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
commodity export economy
economies that depend on three or fewer commodities for more that half of their exports or often rely on a single commodity for a large share of export earnings
GDP
gross domestic product:estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year
GDP per capita
a measure of the total output of a country that takes the GDP and divides it by number of people i ncountry
GNI
gross national income similar to GDP, but includes income from abroad
neoliberal economic policies
economic policies that are predicted on a minimalist role for the states, assuming the desirability of free markets as the ideal conditions not only for economic organizations but also for political and social life
Democratic strongholds
currently the West coast, Northeast, and upper midwest . usually more urban areas of the city
Republican strongholds
the South, High Plains, and interior West are Republican Strongholds
packing
refers to the gerrymandering process of filing an entire district with people that all vote one way
cracking
refers to the gerrymandering process of splitting up voters that vote the same way into many districts
political iconography
symbols of political regions or ideas. Some geographers theorize that the political iconography of landscape derives from an elite, dominant group in a country’s population and that its purpose is to legitimize or justify its power
nationalism
feeling of belonging to nation as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs
sovereignty
exercise of state power over own people and territories, recognized by other states and codified by international law
nested territories
territories within territories (ex UT is a nested territory within Austin)
imperialism
extension of the power of a nation through direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories
orientalism
discourse that positions the West as cultural-superior to the East
decolonization
the acquisition by colonized people of control over their own territory
Halford Mackinder
developed Mackinder theory
heartland theory
demonstrates British anxieties about their insular location and their dependence on maritime power. Reflected fears that Eurasia would evolve into a single country from sea to shining sea
containment
the US foreign policies to try and stop the spread of communism during Cold War
isolationism
the US foreign policy of staying out of entanglements with European affairs. Reason why we entered both World Wars, late
Samuel Huntington
wrote Clash of Civilizations, thought that most important conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating these civilizations from one another
Francis Fukuyama
author of the End of History and the Last Man, helped establish new world order in the popular imagination, said that what we may be witnessing is not just the end of the cold war but the end of universalization of western liberal democracy as the final form of human government
Karl Haushofer
coined geopolitik, a term which implies aggressive nationalism. Nation-state as an organic entity, territoriality, environmental determinism, racial/cultural chauvinism
geopolitik
German term implies a particular kind of geopolitics, nation-state viewed as an organic entity
Bush doctrine
anticipatory action to defend ourselves (the US) even if uncertainty remains as to the tiem and place of the enemy’s attack
US unilateralism
under the bush administration, the US opposed virtually all global agreements and treaties, including the treaty on small arms trade, convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination , Kyoto Protocol on global warming
UN convention on the rights of the child
Mandates states recognition of children as having legal rights
European Union
politico-economic union of 28 member states that are exclusively in Europe. EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states
supranational organization
multinational organization where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states
Israel
the current state of Israel established in 1948, accounts of the Jewish people in the old testament/Torah, accounts of Judea and Samariah in the Old testament/ Torah and the actual historic part of the region
Palestinians
a nation without a tangible state
Judea and Samariah
area inhabited by Canaanites and Philistines until about 1020 bce, conquest of these groups by Israelites, about 450 years of Jewish control. Beginning of the diaspora
West Bank
area on the western side of the Jordan River occupied by Israel since 1967 with parts having been transferred to Palestinian
Gaza strip
strip of territory along Mediterranean Sea bordering Israel on the East and Egypt to the South and since 1994 under Palestinian self-rule
Golan Heights
disputed area between Israel and Syria, under Syrian control until 1967 when they were stoormed by Israeli forces. Jewish settlements have since been established and are cause for conflict
Sykes-Picot agreement
British fostered an uprising against the Ottoman empire. At the end of WW2, a secret agreement between British and French split control of the middle east. Britain took Sotuh, France took North, Palestine was under international control
Balfour declaration
British Government expressing its support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine
Ottoman Empire
1299-1922 Core was in Anatolia (modern day Turkey) replacement of orthodox Christianity: Jerusalem falls in 1200’s and Constantinople in 1453
Warsaw ghetto
jailing a whole community of Jews during the German occupation of Poland in WWII
Palestinian refugee camps
59 camps throughout Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Gaza and the West Bank. 1.1 million Palestinians are currently living in these camps as permanent refugees. 1/2 are kids, exemplify why Palestinians are a nation without a state
Israeli Settlements
maale adumim, and the West Bank. Israeli settlements control 42 percent of the West Bank and 21 percent of the settlements built up areas are on private Palestinian
urban site
site is how a city sits on the physical ground
urban situation
the situation is the relationship between a city and rest of urban system in which it is located ie New Orleans is 350 miles away from Houston