Germany Booklet 6 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
When did Bismarck introduce Sickness Insurance and what did it do?
A
1883, Provided 13 weeks pay to 3 million workers (Government contributed 2/3 the employers did the 1/3)
2
Q
When did Bismarck introduce Accident Insurance and what did it do?
A
1884, Gave 13 weeks pay financed by employers and Old Age Pensions in 1899 to those over 70
3
Q
What did unemployment only go above in one year between 1900-14?
A
3%
4
Q
Between 1895 and 1913, how much did the average wage increase by?
A
25%
5
Q
What % of households lived in destitution and abjectmisery?
A
30%
6
Q
What reforms did Chancellor Caprivi do in 1891?
A
Sunday work was prohibited
Children under 13 couldn’t work
Women didn’t have to work more than 11 hours a week
7
Q
What reforms did Chancellor Bulow do?
A
Accident insurance extended in 1900
Industrial courts were introduced in all large towns in 1901
The ban on child labour was extended to all industries in 1903
8
Q
What did the new Weimar constitution guarantee employees?
A
Equal right with employers when determining working conditions and also guaranteed the 8 hour working day
9
Q
When did the population of large cities double?
A
1870-1890 and 1890-1910
10
Q
How much did the populations of large urban areas grow from 1910-1940
A
Only 36%
11
Q
How much did real wages increase by in 1927 and 1928?
A
1927: 9%
1928: 12%
12
Q
How many new houses were built to alleviate overcrowding under the SPD until 1932?
A
2 million
13
Q
How many were unemployed by 1933 due to the great depression?
A
9 million
14
Q
What did the Urban workers benefit from by the Nazis?
A
Public work schemes like the RAD and rearmament programmes, at the expense of their rights
15
Q
How much did the working class grow by from 1929-1938?
A
10%
16
Q
From 1945-1990 how much did the working population in rural communities fall from in 1950 to 1970
A
1950: 23.1%
1970: 8.3%
17
Q
How much did West Germany’s population grow to from 1950-1980?
A
50% to 61.7 million
18
Q
What percentage of West Germany’s population lived in urban areas from 1950-1980?
A
74%
19
Q
What % of people lived in urban areas in East Germany?
A
Just 57%
20
Q
How many ‘guest workers’ were there by 1966?
A
1.2 million
21
Q
How many total ‘guest workers’ were there and when was the programme ended?
A
14 million and it ended in 1973
22
Q
What are some features of Bismarck’s 1878 anti-socialist laws?
A
Socialist organisations banned
Between 1878-1890 1500 socialists were imprisoned and many emigrated
Socialist meetings were broken up
23
Q
What was the State Socialism? (1883-89)
A
1883: Sickness Insurance Act gave free medical treatment for 3 million workers
1884: Accident Insurance Act gave 13 weeks protection to incapacitated employees
1886: Both of the 1883 and 1884 acts were extended to an additional 7 million workers
1889: Workers were given a pension when they reached the age of 70, or earlier if they were disabled
24
Q
What are the Artisans also called?
A
Mittelstand
25
What negatively impacted the Mittelstand?
From 1871, rapid industrialisation severely affected the Mittelstand since factories could mass produce goods far more cheaply, some artisan industries, particularly in dyeing and weaving, closed completely because of this
26
From 1882-85, how much did one-man artisan businesses drop by?
13.5%, and they suffered even more decline from 1897-1907
27
How did the government try to win over the Mittelstand in 1897?
Passing the Protectionist Craft Laws, but it failed to have its desired effect
28
Why were the Mittelstand weak from 1871?
They lacked a single political party that could represent their views
29
What % of Nazi party membership were skilled workers in the 1920s and how much of the population of this?
33% of the Nazi party and 27% of the population
30
What else was concerning the Mittelstand?
The growth of large shopping centres, often Jewish owned, during the Weimar period
31
What was the Nazis' 25 point programme?
It said that larger businesses could be shut down and their premises given to small traders at a reduced rate
32
True or False: Hitler supported the Mittelstand?
True, He supported them as a thanks for their continued support
33
From 1931-36 how much did the number of artisan businesses grow?
20%
34
How were the Nazis treating the Mittelstand by the end of the 1930s?
They began to restrict them, saying there was too many bakeries, butchers, shoemakers and tailors. Many businesses were closed
35
From 1936-39 how much did the number of artisan businesses drop by and how much did department store revenue increase by?
Artisan businesses dropped by 11% and department store revenue grew by 10%
36
By 1955 how many Germans were employed in Artisan trades?
3.5 million, an increase of 1 million from 1939
37
Which trades were artisans focusing on in West Germany?
Many focused on trades that supported big industry such as metalworking, as opposed to textiles
38
What were Artisans given following the Marshall Plan?
Special Status, meaning they could oversee the organisation and training of skilled workers
39
How did the Prussian voting system support the Junkers?
The Junkers' votes were worth more than the middle and lower class votes to ensure their dominance
40
What was the Junkers' wealth based on?
The vast swathes of land they owned and the subsequent agricultural production
41
What did US President Wilson want in order for a truce to happen?
Germany be turned into a parliamentary democracy
42
Which reforms did Prince Max push through?
The old Prussian voting system was abolished and the Prussian elite could no longer dominate the military or government
43
What did the Ebert-Groenen pact do?
It meant the army would support the new government as long as they wouldn't reform the leadership of the military
44
How did the Junkers manage to undermine Weimar?
Von Seeckt, refused to fire on the Freikorps during the Kapp Putsch in 1920 which led to Wolfgang Kapp being able to take over for 3 days
45
Who were some Junkers still in powerful positions?
Hans Von Seeckt, commander in chief of the army, Franz von Papen, chancellor of Weimar Germany from July-December 1932 and Paul von Hindenburg, President of Germany from 1925-34
46
How did Hitler win the support of the Junkers and military leadership?
Carrying out the night of the long knives as the SA were a concern for the Junkers
47
What happened after Hindenburg's death in August 1934?
Hitler assumed the role of Fuhrer and the power of the Junkers declined considerably
48
Which Junkers were removed from power during the Nazi's reign?
Von Papen in 1938 and the Junkers Blomberg and Fritsch who were the heads of the armed forces
49
What did Hitler do after the failed assassination attempt on him?
5000 People were murdered in response to it, and now Hitler endeavored to kill of Junkers who he distrusted in an attempt to wipe out links to imperial Germany
50
Why was the end of the Junkers secured after WW2?
Most of the Junker lands were in Prussia in East Germany and Poland following the end of the war
51
What happened to Junker land in East Germany?
They were forced to give up their land and it was divided into smaller plots and turned into state-run farms
52
When had the power of the Prussian land-owning elite come to an end?
1952
53
In 1900 what % of the Germany national income was agriculture based and then compared to 1989
1900: 30%
1989: 2%
54
What happened to the number of Germans employed in agricultural jobs from 1871-1989?
1871: 49%
1989: 2%
55
Who persuaded Bismarck to introduce tariffs in 1879 to top the import of cheap grain from foreign countries?
The Junkers
56
What was the group formed by Junkers in 1893 and what did it do?
The Agrarian League, formed to fight the government's attempts to weaken the tariffs on foreign imported food
57
Why did agricultural production dip during WW1?
The loss of workers to the front life, and fertilizer and fuel had to be prioritised for the war effort
58
What led to further problems for farmers in Germany?
Improved farming practices in Holland and Denmark, combined with competition from world markets
59
What did the Nazis do for farmers in 1933?
They introduced laws to protect farms from being forcibly sold, from land being broken up and guaranteed a high price for German produce
60
What impact did the Nazis' focus on war have on the peasantry?
It continued to decline and there was increasing migration from rural areas to the cities to work in industry and not on the farms
61
What did the Nazis promote?
Agricultural life as the heart of the German tradition, as opposed to the decadent cities
62
How did farmers benefit after WW2?
Mechanisation and improved farming practices improved farming
63
What happened to the smaller farms in Germany after WW2?
They were consolidated into larger ones, therefore improving the rural economy
64
What happened to the farming workforce between 1950-60?
The rural economy lost 50% of its workforce
65
What happened to agriculture up until 1990?
It continued to decline
66
What did the government do for farming after WW2?
Subsidised farming machinery
67
By 1907 how large has Prussia's civil service grew to?
40,000 in 1850 two 250,000 in 1907
68
How much did the number of doctors and teachers grow to by 1913?
Teachers: Grew 43% between 1891 and 1913
Doctors: Doubled from 1876-1913
69
From 1882-1907, how much did the number of White collar workers increase by?
4.7% to 10%
70
What political group did the white collar workers form?
Co-ordinating Committee, which argued for state-insurance for white collar workers and in 1911, they were successful
71
What hurt the White-collar workers in 1921-23?
Hyperinflation and the great depression in the late 20s
72
How much did the real wages of the white-collar workers increase by between 1924-29?
Nothing, it stayed the same
73
In 1928, how many white-collar workers were unemployed?
183,371
74
How many white-collar workers had no employment at all?
90,000
75
What happened with the number of blue collar workers from 1907-25?
Increased by 20%
76
In Berlin in 1933, what % of university graduates were unemployed?
60%
77
What % of Nazi party members were white collar workers from 1929-32?
20%
78
What extra rights did the Nazis give to white collar workers?
E.g. White collar workers could only be sacked with six weeks' notice, whereas blue collar workers could be given 1 week's notice
79
By the end of 1933, how over represented were the white collar workers?
65%
80
How much of the working population did the white collar workers make up from 1933-39?
1 in 4 of every worker, compared to 1 in 13 from 1895
81
What drove a massive expansion of white-collar workers in the economy?
Rapid industrial growth from the 1950s
82
By 1980, what % of the workforce was white-collar workers?
35%
83
What was there a demand for from the 1970s?
A huge demand for skilled labour which encouraged education and social mobility, there was also a demand for higher education
84
What happened to real wages from 1950-64?
They doubled, which fuelled consumerism and led to increasing demand for skilled labour
85
What was the Equalisation of Burdens Law (1952)?
It helped those who suffered during the war and over 20 years transferred DDM 90,000 million away from those who had suffered the least or even gained from the Nazis
86
By 1953-1960 how much did living standards improve?
58% compared to only 25% in Britain
87
By 1989, what % of the population was employed in the service industry?
66%
88
What did the Bismarck's National civil code do for women?
Lowered the status of women and asserted that men had authority in all matters relating to his family's children, administrative power over his wife's property and wealth and power of attorney over his wife's legal contracts
89
True or False, women could vote in 1871?
False: Women were denied the vote and were restricted in education, work and politics
90
Which working sectors were women involved in?
Textiles and food processing
91
By 1891, what welfare provisions did women have?
Guaranteed 6 weeks' maternity leave, 11 hour working day and women were barred from working in mines and were allowed more time off at lunch on Saturdays so they could carry out domestic duties
92
Which society did Emma Ihrer setup in 1885?
Society for the Protection of Women Workers' Interests, which helped to support women by providing the services of doctors and lawyers for free, the group had 1000 members by 1886 when the government banned it
93
Who were some famous women who opposed the SPD's policy of supporting the war?
Clara Zetkin, Rosa Luxemburg and Luise Kahler
94
What did Zetkin organise in Berlin in 1915?
International Socialist Women's Anti-War conference, and both Zetkin and Luxemburg were arrested serveral times during the war
95
Which jobs did women start doing during the war?
Working in heavy industries such as; chemicals, iron, steel and engineering
96
What did the government start promoting women for?
Women's work being promoted as an essential part of the war effort
97
What did the Weimar Constitution let Women do?
Vote
98
What % of the new Weimar parliament was made up of Women?
9.6% in 1919, throughout the Weimar period it hovered at around 6-7%
99
What % of Germany's Lander parliaments were women?
6.1%
100
What was the BDF?
The Union of German Feminist Organisations, formed in 1894
101
By the 1920s how many members did the BDF have?
900,000 which had grown from 300,000 in 1914
102
What type of woman was created after the war?
The Weimar Woman, seen as financially independent, single, sexually active, followed US fashion
103
What was still holding back Women during Weimar?
Women workers still had low paid jobs and low status in society
104
What did Nazi policies do for women?
From 1933, all female working groups were banned, women were banned from government employment and practicing medicine or law and female teachers were dismissed and women banned from jury duty
105
What % of university places could be reserved for women during the Nazis?
Only 10%
106
How many kids must the Women have for each level of the Mother's Cross (Mutterkreuz)?
8 kids for gold
6 kids for silver
4 kids for bronze
107
By 1939, what % of the workforce was female?
33% compared to 37% in 1933
In clothing women made up 66% of the workforce and in metalwork, 12%
108
In 1943, how many women were conscripted to work?
3 million aged 17-45
109
How did the pensions introduced in 1957 discriminate against women?
They were based on total earning and wages throughout one's life, so women who had worked part time or had maternity leave didn't receive a full pension
110
What was the female membership of political parties in West Germany?
Just 4.4%
111
What did the West German Basic Law of 1949 guarantee for women?
Legal equality
112
By 1980, what % of the workforce did women make up?
39%
113
By the 1980s, what % of part time workers were women and how much lowers was women's pay then men's?
Part-time workers: 93% women
Wages: Women's wages were 30$ lower than men's
114
When did women university admissions finally match men's?
The early 1980s, and 41% of university students were women by 1989
115
What % of hospital staff were women?
75% of hospital staff were women, but only 4% of doctors were women
116
What % of school staff were women?
50% of school staff were women, but only 20% of headteachers were women, and only 5% of university professors were women
117
What did the Government create in 1980?
National Officer for Women's Affairs, who was responsible for working towards female equality in West Germany
