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From Flashcardlet > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of digestive motility

A

propulsive movement and mixing movement

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2
Q

push contents forward through the digestive tract

A

propulsive movements

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3
Q

mixing foot with digestive juices promotes digestion of food and facilitates absorption by exposing all parts of intestinal contents to absorbing surfaces of digestive tract

A

mixing movements

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4
Q

biochemical breakdown of structurally complex foodstuffs into smaller, absorbable units

A

digestion

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5
Q

CHO break down into

A

monosaccharides

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6
Q

Proteins break down into

A

Amino acids

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7
Q

Fats break down into

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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8
Q

name the 4 layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa

MSMS

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9
Q

lines the luminal surface of the digestive tract and is highly folded surface greatly increases absorptive area and contents 3 layers

A

mucosa

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10
Q

what are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A

mucous membrane, lamina propria and muscularis muscosa

MLM

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11
Q

serves as protective surface, modified for secretion and absorption and contains exocrine and endocrine glands and epithelial cells

A

mucous membrane

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12
Q

houses GALT - gut associated lymphoid tissue, an important in defense against disease-causing intestinal bacteria

A

lamina propria

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13
Q

sparse layer of smooth muscle

A

muscularis mucosa

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14
Q

the 4 functions of the digestive system

A

motility, absorption, digestion and secretion

MADS

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15
Q

primary function of digestive system

A

transfer nutrients, water, and electrolytes from ingested food into body’s internal environment

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16
Q

thick layer of connective tissue, provides digestive tract with distensibility and elasticiity, contains larger blood and lymph vessels, contains nerve network known as submucosal plexus

A

submucosa

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17
Q

major smooth muscle coat of digestive tube, contains 2 layers of muscle in most areas, contractile activity produces propulsive and mixing movements

A

muscularis externa

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18
Q

inner layer of muscle in the muscularis externa that when contracted, decreased the diameter of the lumen

A

circular layer

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19
Q

outer layer of muscle in muscularis externa that when contracted, shortens the tube

A

longitudinal layer

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20
Q

plexus that lies between the 2 muscle layers in the muscularis externa

A

myenteric plexus

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21
Q

plexus that lies on the outer layer of the submucosa

A

submucosal plexus

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22
Q

produces serous fluid that may be continuous with the mesentery, outer CT covering

A

serosa

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23
Q

pacemaker cells display rhythmic, spontaneous variations in membrane potential

A

autonomous smooth muscle

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24
Q

pacemaker cells that instigate cyclic slow-wave activity

A

intersitiual cells of cajal

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25
Q

the ___ depends on the number of the action potentials

A

intensity

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26
Q

what promotes contraction of digestive tract smooth muscle

A

ACh

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27
Q

what acts in concert to cause its relaxation of digestive tract

A

Nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

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28
Q

location of myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus

A

esophagus to anus

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29
Q

between the longitudinal and circular SM layers and controls GI motility

A

myenteric plexus

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30
Q

increase tonic contraction (tone) and increased contraction frequency/intensity are stimulatory influences

A

myenteric plexus

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31
Q

decreased sphincter tone of pyloric sphincter, ileocecal sphinter and LES are inhibitory influences

A

myenteric plexus

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32
Q

work by modifying activity of intrinsic plexus, altering GI hormones level, and act directly on Smooth muscle or glands

A

extrinsic nerves

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33
Q

what nerve can be activated to coordinate activity between different regions of DS

A

vagus

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34
Q

inhibits or slow down digestive tract contraction and secretion

A

sympathetic system

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35
Q

3 types of sensory receptors

A

chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and osmoreceptors

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36
Q

what receptors detect chemical in the lumen

A

chemoreceptors

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37
Q

what receptors detect stretch/tension of lumen

A

mechanoreceptors

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38
Q

what receptors detect osmolarity of the lumen

A

osmoreceptors

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39
Q

intrinsic network influences local motility or secretion in response to local stimulation

A

short reflex

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40
Q

autonomic pathways involve long pathways between CNS and DNS

A

long reflex

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41
Q

j shaped sac-like chamber lying between esophagus and small intestine that has temporary folds called RUGAE

A

stomach

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42
Q

3 sections of the stomach

A

fundus, body, antrum

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43
Q

store ingested food until it can be emptied into small intestine, secretes HCl and enzymes that begin protein digestion and mixing movements convert pulverized food to chyme

A

functions of the stomach

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44
Q

serves as a barrier between stomach and upper part of small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

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45
Q

a empty stomach has a volume of __ and a full stomach can expand to __

A

50 ml and 1 liter

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46
Q

enhances stomach’s ability to accommodate the extra volume of food with little rise in stomach pressure

A

receptive relaxation

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47
Q

upper fundus generate slow-wave potential that sweep down the length of stomach toward pyloric sphincter at a rate 3/min

A

intestitial cells of cajal

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48
Q

where in the stomach does mixing occur?

A

antrum

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49
Q

what is the main factor that influences strength of contraction

A

amount of chyme

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50
Q

what triggers increased gastric motility through a direct effect of stretch on smooth muscle as well as through involvement of intrinsic plexuses, vagus nerve, and gastrin

A

distension

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51
Q

__ digestion and absorption takes place only within lumen of small intestine

A

fat

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52
Q

__ is the most potent stimulus for inhibition of gastric motility

A

fat

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53
Q

unneutralized ___ in duodenum inhibits further emptying of acidic gastric contents until neutralization can be accomplished

A

acid

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54
Q

too much __ in duodenum inhibits emptying of even more gastric contents

A

chyme

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55
Q

intrinsic nerve plexuses are short/long reflex

A

short

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56
Q

autonomic nerves are short/long reflex

A

long

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57
Q

mediated through both intrinsic nerve plexuses and autonominc nerves

A

enterogastric reflex

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58
Q

involves release of hormones from duodenal mucosa is

A

entergastrones

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59
Q

secretion is produced by __

A

S cells

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60
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK) produced by

A

I cells

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61
Q

where are secretion and CCK located

A

duodenal and jejunal mucosa

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62
Q

what effect does sadness, fear and intense pain have on gastric motility?

A

inhibits

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63
Q

what effect does anger and aggression have on gastric motility?

A

increases

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64
Q

how much gastric juice per day

A

2 liters

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65
Q

2 distinct areas of gastric mucosa that secrete gastric juice

A

oxynitic mucosa and pyloric gland area

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66
Q

where is oxyntic mucosa located

A

lines body and fundus

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67
Q

where is pyloric gland area

A

lines the antrum

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68
Q

chief cells secrete an enzyme precursor __

A

pepsinogen

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69
Q

a proteolytic enzyme for breakdown of proteins, only autocatalytic activity

A

pepsinogen

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70
Q

pepsin break down only __ of ingested proteins into amino acids

A

15

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71
Q

what is the autocatalytic activity of pepsin?

A

helps convert pepsinogen to pepsin

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72
Q

parietal cells secrete

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

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73
Q

pH of the stomach

A

1.2-2

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74
Q

kills bacteria, acids in breakdown of CT and muscle, denature proteins and activate pepsinogen into pepsin

A

HCl

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75
Q

what cells have 5x the normal amount of O2 compared to other cells and why?

A

parietal cells, have many more mitochondria

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76
Q

drugs for ulcers, inhibits H/K+ ATPase pumps in parietal cells

A

Prilosec (Omeprazole)

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77
Q

Temporary folds in the stomach that smooth out when filled

A

rugae

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78
Q

three sections of the stomach

A

fundus, body, antrum

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79
Q

three main functions of the stomach

A
  1. store ingested food until it can be emptied into small intestine
  2. secretes HCl and enzymes that begin protein digestion
  3. mixing movements convert pulverized food into chyme
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80
Q

what serves as the barrier between stomach and upper part of the small intestine?

A

pyloric sphincter

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81
Q

what is receptive relaxation?

A

stomach’s ability to accommodate the extra volume of food with little rise in stomach pressure

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82
Q

what is the normal volume of the stomach when it is empty? what can it expand to when full?

A

50 ml, 1 L

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83
Q

at what volume does the stomach become overdistended causing discomfort? what happens to cause this discomfort?

A

1 L, intragastric pressure rises and the person experiences discomfort

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84
Q

gastric filling is triggered and mediated by what?

A

gastric filling is triggered by the act of eating and is mediated by the VAGUS nerve

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85
Q

what generates slow-wave potential what sweeps down the length of the stomach? where are these cells found?

A

interstitial cells of Cajal are found in the upper fundus

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86
Q

at what rate do the slow-wave potentials sweep down the length of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter?

A

3/minute

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87
Q

where do the weaker peristaltic contractions of the stomach and very little mixing of food take place?

A

fundus and body

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88
Q

food is gradually fed into ______ where mixing does take place.

A

antrum

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89
Q

_______ contraction keeps the pyloric sphincter somewhat closed.

A

tonic

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90
Q

T/F the opening in the pyloric sphincter is large enough for some fluids to pass.

A

true

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91
Q

what is the main factor that influences the strength of contraction in the stomach?

A

amount of chyme

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92
Q

Stomach empties at a rate proportional to the volume of ______ at any given time.

A

chyme

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93
Q

Distention triggers increased gastric motility through a direct effect of ________ as well as involvement of what three things?

A

stretch on smooth muscle

  1. intrensic plexuses,
  2. vagus nerve
  3. gastrin
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94
Q

what must happen to the contents of the stomach before emptying?

A

contents must be converted into a finely divided, thick liquid before emptying

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95
Q

Stimuli in the duodenum activate duodenal receptors that trigger ______ or _______ response.

A

neural or hormonal

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96
Q

fat digestion only takes place where?

A

in the lumen of the small intestine

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97
Q

when ____ is already in duodenum, further gastric emptying of additional fatty stomach contents is prevented.

A

fat

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98
Q

what is the most potent stimulus for inhibition of gastric motility?

A

fat

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99
Q

________ in the duodenum inhibits further emptying of gastric contents until neutralization can be accomplished.

A

unneutralized acid

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100
Q

Gastric emptying is reflexively _______ when osmolarity of duodenal contents start to rise.

A

inhibited

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101
Q

Distention- too much chyme in duodenum _______ emptying of even more gastric contents.

A

inhibits

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102
Q

What two things mediate the neural response?

A

intrinsic nerve plexuses ( short reflex) and autonomic nerves (long reflex)

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103
Q

the intrinsic nerve plexuses and autonomic nerves are collectively known as

A

enterogastric reflex

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104
Q

hormones released from duodenal mucosa are called

A

entergastrones

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105
Q

hormonal response of duodenum involves?

A

release of hormones from the duodenal mucosa (entergasterones)

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106
Q

blood leaving the stomach is __________ due to __________

A

alkaline; HCO3-

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107
Q

T/F: Cl- entering the stomach is a high energy requirement

A

true- against electrical gradient

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108
Q

The concentration gradient of H+ is 10^6 outside/inside of __________

A

stomach

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109
Q

________ cells use 5x the normal amount of O2 compared to other cells

A

Parietal

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110
Q

T/F: parietal cells have many more mitochondria than other cells

A

true

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111
Q

Prilosec (omeprozole)

A

proton pump inhibitor- inhibits H+K+ATPase pumps in parietal cells

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112
Q

Gastric Intrinsic Factor binds to what?

A

B12

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113
Q

Hemopoisis is effected by_______

A

Vitamin B12

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114
Q

Intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex binds to receptors found only in the

A

terminal ileum

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115
Q

lack of intrensic factor causes _________ anemia

A

pernicious

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116
Q

parietal cells can be destroyed by

A

ulcers

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117
Q

stem cells are found in

A

gastric pits

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118
Q

surface ________ cells secrete thick, alkaline mucus and small amounts of pepsinogen

A

epithelial

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119
Q

Enterochromaffin like cells (ECL) are found in

A

gastric mucosa

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120
Q

histamine is secreted by

A

ECL

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121
Q

ECLs speed up ________ secretion of nearby parietal cells

A

HCl

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122
Q

ECLs are stimulated by

A

gastrin adn ACh

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123
Q

Tagament, Zantac, adn Pepcid are examples of

A

H2 blockers

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124
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by _________ in response to __________

A

D cells in glands near the pylorus; acid

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125
Q

D cells are more numberous in the

A

duodenum

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126
Q

somatostatin inhibits secretion of

A

parietal cells, g cells, and ECL cells

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127
Q

_________ is released by intinsic nerve plexuses in response to short local reflexes and vagal stimulation

A

Acetylcholine

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128
Q

ACh stimulates

A

parietal, chief, G, and ECL cells

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129
Q

G cells secrete

A

gastrin

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130
Q

Gastrin secretion brings about increase in _______ secretion

A

HCl

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131
Q

T/F: G cells are trophic

A

true

132
Q

G cells are found mostly in the

A

antrum

133
Q

increased secretion of HCl and pepsinogen that occurs in response to stimuli acting in the head before food reaches teh stomach

A

Cephalic phase

134
Q

Cephalic phase includes what types of stimulation?

A

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, central pathway, and hypoglycemia

135
Q

Cephalic phase accounts for _________% of acid response to meal

A

30

136
Q

Gastric phase accounts for _______% of acid response to meal

A

60

137
Q

Gastric phase beings when__________ and is also stimulated by an increased pH and distention

A

food reaches the stomach

138
Q

the presence of _________ increases gastric secretions

A

protien

139
Q

Intestinal phase accounts for ________% of acid response to meal

A

10

140
Q

______ phase is the inhibitory phase and it helps shut off flow of gastric juices as chyme begins to enter the small intestine

A

Intestinal

141
Q

carbohydrate digestion continues in the ________ of the stomach

A

body

142
Q

protien digestion occurs in the _______ of the stomach

A

antrum

143
Q

Ethyl alcohol and aspirin are absorbed in the

A

stomach

144
Q

Islets of Langerhans are found in the

A

pancreas

145
Q

insulin and glucagon are secreted by the

A

pancreas

146
Q

Pancreatic enzymes are secreted by

A

acinar cells that form acini

147
Q

all pancreatic enzymes are released from

A

zymogen granules

148
Q

proteolytic enzymes digest

A

protien

149
Q

proteolytic enzymes include

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase

150
Q

trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by

A

enterokinase

151
Q

T/F: trypsin can autocatalytically convert more trypsinogen

A

True

152
Q

Chymotrypsinogen is converted to chymotrypsin by

A

trypsin

153
Q

what converts polysaccharides into disaccharides?

A

pancreatic amylase

154
Q

what is the only enzyme that can digest fat and converts triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids

A

pancreatic lipase

155
Q

Secretin release is triggered by ______ in the duodenum

A

acid

156
Q

CCK is stimulated by presence of _____ and ______

A

fat and protien

157
Q

________ is the largest and most important metabolic organ

A

liver

158
Q

macrophages in the liver are called

A

Kupffer cells

159
Q

blood from digestive tract enters liver through

A

portal vein

160
Q

blood leaving liver is carried by

A

hepatic vein

161
Q

bile is formed by

A

hepatocytes

162
Q

secretin is produced by ___ cells

A

S cells

163
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced by _____ cells

A

I cells

164
Q

Where are secretin and CCK found?

A

duodenal cells

165
Q

liver is organized into functional units known as ______ which are hexagonal arrangements of tissue surrounding a _______ ______.

A

lobules, central vein

166
Q

At each of the six corners of the liver you find what 5 things?

A
  1. branch of hepatic artery
  2. branch of hepatic vein
  3. bile duct
  4. lymph vessels
  5. nerves
167
Q

the corner of the liver are called?

A

portal areas or radicles

168
Q

Liver is the major site of __________

A

gluconeogenesis

169
Q

CHO metabolism in the liver serves what functions?

A

storage of glycogen and release of glucose

170
Q

liver activates what vitamin in conjunction with the kidney?

A

vitamin D

171
Q

What does the liver store? (5 general things)

A 
Glycogen
fats
iron
copper
and many vitamins
172
Q

the liver synthesizes all of the __________ _______ _______

A

nonessential amino acids

173
Q

the liver is the major _____ storage site and also stores Vitamin A, D and B12

A

iron

174
Q

the liver is the major source for _________ biosynthesis.

A

cholesterol

175
Q

The liver produces certain _______ that transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.

A

lipoproteins

176
Q

What are the 5 classes of lipoproteins?

A 
Chylomicrons
VLDL
IDL
LDL
HDL
177
Q

T/F The liver forms bile.

A

true

178
Q

liver is the site of ______ of drugs and toxin

A

detoxification

179
Q

What in the liver is involved with elimination of waste products?

A

lysosomes

180
Q

when _____ ______ are deaminated, NH3 is produced. ______ play a role in the conversion of NH3 to urea.

A

amino acids

lysosomes

181
Q

what breaks down hydrogen peroxide?

A

peroxisomes

182
Q

_________ ________ is in peroxisomes.

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

183
Q

liver functions in the conjugation and reduction of?

A

adrenal and gonadal steroids

184
Q

liver synthesizes plasma proteins including

A 
serum protein
albumin 
fibrinogen
prothrombin
angiotensinogen
185
Q

accounts for 50% of protein in plasma

A

albumin

186
Q

which plasma protein plays a major role in plasma osmolarity?

A

albumin

187
Q

the liver secretions include

A

thrombopeietin
hepcidin
insulin-like growth factor

188
Q

liver produces ____ _____ ____ involved in inflammation

A

acute phase protiens

189
Q

the resident macrophages in the liver that serve to filter the blood (old red blood cells and bacteria)

A

Kupffer cells

190
Q

the liver produces what percentage of lymph deposited into thoracic duct?

A

25-50%

191
Q

in general, the function of the liver is concerned with?

A

modifying the composition of the blood

192
Q

_______ secrete bile in to ______ _________ which carry the bile to a bile duct at the periphery of the lobule.

A

hepatocytes

bile caniculi

193
Q

what prevents bile from entering the duodenum except during the digestion of meals?

A

sphincter of Oddi

194
Q

when the sphincter of Oddi is closed, the bile….

A

enters the gallbladder

195
Q

T/F The gallbladder is directly connected to the liver?

A

false

196
Q

The gallbladder acts to _____ and ______ bile between meals

A

store and concentrate

197
Q

_____ ______ moves salt out of the gallbladder–water follows.

A

active transport

198
Q

the gallbladder concentrates bile ____-_____x

A

5-10 times

199
Q

amount of bile secreted per day

A

250 ml to 1L

200
Q

bile is composed of what 4 things?

A

bile salts (50%)
Lecithin (30-40%)
cholesterol (5%)
bilirubin (2%)

201
Q

which phospholipid is the main emulsifying agent in bile?

A

lecithin

202
Q

aqueous alkaline fluid is present in the bile for what purpose?

A

important for the digestion and absorption of fats, primarily thru the activity of bile salts

203
Q

bile salts are derivatives of?

A

cholesterol

204
Q

bile salts convert large fat globules into a ______ ________

A

liquid emulsion

205
Q

T/F after participation in fat digestion and absorption, most of the bile salts are reabsorbed into the blood

A

true

206
Q

describe the detergent function of bile salts

A

converts large fat globules into a lipid emultion

207
Q

where does reabsorption of the bile salts occur?

A

through active transport mechanisms located only in the TERMINAL ILEUM

208
Q

recycling of bile salts between small intestine and liver is called

A

enterohepatic circulation

209
Q

waste product excreted in bile that is derived from the breakdown of RBCs

A

bilirubin

210
Q

end product of the degradation of heme

A

bilirubin

211
Q

______ extracts bilirubin and excretes it into bile.

A

hepatocytes

212
Q

what gives bile is yellowish color? modified by ____ in the intestines that contribute to the brownish color of feces.

A

bilirubin

bacteria

213
Q

any substance that increases bile secretion is called a _______

A

choleretic

214
Q

most potent choleretic?

A

bile salts

215
Q

responsible for the hormonal mechanism for bile secretion

A

secretin

216
Q

role of secretin in the stimulation of bile secretions

A

secretin stimulates aqueous alkaline bile secretion by liver ducts WITHOUT increase in bile salts

217
Q

what two innervations contribute to the stimulation of bile secretions?

A

vagus

parasympathetic innervations

218
Q

_____ stimulates the smooth muscle contraction of the gallbladder.

A

CCK

219
Q

Bile salts along with _____ and ______ play important role in facilitating fat absorption through micellar formation.

A

cholesterol, lecithin

220
Q

The micelles provide a vehicle for carrying water _____ substances through the watery luminal contents

A

insoluble

221
Q

the most important lipid soluble substances carried within micelles are the products of __ digestion and ________ vitamins

A

fat (monoglycerides and free fatty acids)

fat soluble vitamins

222
Q

site where most digestion and absorption takes place

A

small intestine

223
Q

primary method of motility in small intestine

A

segmentation

224
Q

segmentation consists of ________ contractions along the length of the small intestine

A

ringlike

225
Q

this action mixes chyme throughout the small intestine lumen

A

segmentation

226
Q

segmentation is initiated by _________ ___ in the small intestine which produce?

A

pacemaker cells

basic electrical rhythm (BER)

227
Q

in segmentation, circular smooth muscle responsiveness if influnced by what 3 things

A

distention of intestine
gastrin
extrinsic nerve activity

228
Q

segmentation is most vigorous when?

A

immediately after a meal

229
Q

duodenum starts to segment in response to

A

local distention

230
Q

segmentation of ileum is brought about by _____ secreted in response to the presence of _____ in the stomach

A

gastrin

chyme

231
Q

_______ nerves can modify the strength of contraction in segmentation

A

extrinsic

232
Q

the functions of segmentation (two)

A
  1. mix chyme with digestive juices

2. expose all chyme to absorptive surfaces of small intestine mucosa

233
Q

function of migrating motility complex in the small intestine

A

sweeps intestines clean between meals

234
Q

weak repetitive peritaltic waves that move a short distance down intestine before dying out

A

migrating motility complex

235
Q

takes about ________ to gradually move contents from stomach to end of small intestines

A

100-150 minutes

236
Q

migrating motility complex is regulated by _____ secreted by endothelial cells of small intestine mucosa.

A

motilin

237
Q

motilin is inhibited by

A

feeding

238
Q

what happens to the iliocecal valve when ileal contents move into colon

A

it’s pushed open

239
Q

if contents try to move backward, the ileocecal valve

A

forcibly closes

240
Q

what forms ileocecal sphincter

A

last centimeters of the ileum- ring smooth muscle

241
Q

ileocecal valve contracts more forcibly from

A

pressure on cecal side

242
Q

ileocecal valve relaxes when there is ______ of ileal side

A

distention

243
Q

ileocecal valve is mediated by

A

intrinsic plexuses

244
Q

relaxation of ileocecal valve is enhanced by release of ______ at onset of meal

A

gastrin

245
Q

T/F juice secreted by small intestine does not contain any digestive enzymes

A

true

246
Q

the aqueous salt and mucous solution secreted by the small intestine

A

succus entericus

247
Q

each day about ______ of aqueous salt and mucous solution is secreted by the small intestine

A

1.5 L

248
Q

the secretions of the small intestine increase after a meal in response to _____ _______ of small intestine mucosa by presence of _______

A

local stimulation

chyme

249
Q

the mucous secretions of the small intestine provide ______ and _______

A

protection and lubrication

250
Q

why is plenty of water an important component of the succus entericus

A

H20 participates in the enzymatic digestion of food- digestion involves hydrolysis- bond breakage by reaction with H2O- most efficient when reactants are in solution

251
Q

Where is digestion completed within the small intestine

A

Brush-border membrane of the epithelial cell

252
Q

What is the brush border membrane made of?

A

Microvilli

253
Q

What 3 main enzymes are within the brush border?

A

Enterokinase, Disaccharidases, Aminopeptidases

254
Q

What activates the pancreatic proteolytic enzyme trypsinogen?

A

Enterokinase * in the small intestine it is located within the brush border

255
Q

What are three disaccharidase enzymes?

A

Maltase, lactase, and sucrose enzyme

256
Q

What are the three general things that disaccharidase enzymes target?

A

Maltose, alpha-limit dextrins, and dietary disaccharides

257
Q

What is the product of salivary and pancreatic amylase?

A

Maltose

258
Q

What breaks down maltose (the product of salivary and pancreatic amylase) to glucose?

A

Maltase or sucrase enzyme

259
Q

Alpha- limit dextrins are ONLY broken down by what?

A

Sucrase enzyme

260
Q

What hydrolyzes small peptide fragments into amino acids?

A

Aminopeptidases

261
Q

What is responsible for the CONTINUING digestion of carbohydrates and proteins? AND what is responsible for COMPLETION of digestion of carbohydrates and proteins? Where does this happen?

A

Pancreatic enzymes – continue – luman

Enterokinase, Disaccharidases, and Aminopeptidases – complete – in brush border

262
Q

Fat is digested intirely where? By what?

A

Small intestine luman by pancreatic lipase

263
Q

T/F Fat, Protein, and carbohydrates all complete digestion in the same location within the intestine.

A

FALSE – fat in luman of small intestine. Proteins & carbs in brush border

264
Q

What 3 structures increase surface area of small intestine?

A

Circular folds, villi, microvilli

265
Q

What is another name for the circular folds of the small intestine?

A

Plicae circularis

266
Q

T/F the circular folds in the small intestine are similar to the ones in the stomach in that they are not permanent folds.

A

FALSE- small intestine = permanent

Stomach = not permanent

267
Q

Circular folds aka plicae circularis increase small intestine surface area by ______.

A

3X

268
Q

What projects from the circular folds of the small intestine? How much do they increase the surface area?

A

Villi – 10X

269
Q

Surface of villi are covered by epithelial cells interspersed with _______.

A

Mucous cells

270
Q

Villi also contain 2 other kinds of cells. _____ & _____. Not described in our book?

A

Enterocytes & enteroendocrine cells

271
Q

What kind of border does the villi have?

A

Luminal brush border- has special carriers for absorption

272
Q

What kind of core does the villi have?

A

Connective tissue

273
Q

Each villis is supplied by a ______ network within the villus core.

A

Capillary network

274
Q

What is located within the central lacteal of the villus core?

A

Terminal lymphatic vessel

275
Q

What are small hairlike extensions that make the brush border?

A

Microvilli

276
Q

Each villus has _____ microvilli

A

3000-6000

277
Q

Microvilli increase surface area of the small intestine by –

A

20X

278
Q

Total increase in surface area of the small intestine is –

A

600X

279
Q

What dips down into the mucosal surface between the villi? *small shallow invaginations?

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

280
Q

What is the function of Crypts of Liberkuhn?

A

Secrete water and electrolytes that contribule to the succus entericus

281
Q

What is contained in the Crypts of Liberkuhn?

A

Stem cells *Undifferentiated cells
Paneth
CellsGoblet Cells – not in book?
Enteroendocrine Cells- not in book?

282
Q

In the stomach undifferentiated cells are located where?

A

Towards the stomach

283
Q

What is the high mitotic rate of undifferentiated cells in the small intestine?

A

100 million intestinal cells are shed per minute

284
Q

What secretes lysosome? What is the function of lysosome in the small intestine mucous lining?

A

Paneth Cells

Lysosomes are bacteriolytic

285
Q

What secretes defensins? What is the function of defensins?

A

Paneth Cells

Defensins are small protens with antimicrobial power

286
Q

What two things does Paneth cells secrete? located in the mucousal lining of the small intestine within the cyrpts of liberkuhn.

A

Lysosomes & defensins

287
Q

What are small proteins with antimicrobial power-

A

Defensins

288
Q

What are bacteriolytic?

A

Lysosomes

289
Q

T/F Small intestine is very selective in what it absorbs.

A

False- Small intestine absorbs almost everything presented to it

290
Q

Where does most of the absorption within the small intestine take place?

A

Duodenum and jejunum

291
Q

What arrises from luminal surface of epitheilial cells?

A

Microvilli

292
Q

What arises from circular folds?

A

Villi

293
Q

Luminal surface area of small intestine increase of

A

600X

294
Q

Lining of the small intestine is replaced about –

A

Every 3 days

295
Q

Is water soluble vitamin absorption passive or active?

A

Passive

296
Q

Is fat soluble vitamin absoption passive or active?

A

active

297
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Carried in micelles – bile salts and lecithin aggregate in small clusters iwht their fat soluble parts huddled together in the middle to form a hydrophobic core, while their water soluble parts form an outer hydrophilic shell.

298
Q

What vitamin requires the gastric intrinsic factor in order for it to be absorbed?

A

Vitamin B-12 … the gastric intrinsic factor is HCl- absorbed at terminal ilium

299
Q

Is water soluble vitamin absorption passive or active?

A

Passive

300
Q

Is fat soluble vitamin absoption passive or active?

A

Active

301
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Carried in micelles – bile salts and lecithin aggregate in small clusters iwht their fat soluble parts huddled together in the middle to form a hydrophobic core, while their water soluble parts form an outer hydrophilic shell.

302
Q

What vitamin requires the gastric intrinsic factor in order for it to be absorbed?

A

Vitamin B12

303
Q

Most absorbed nutrients immediately pass through the _______ for processing?

A

liver

304
Q

Most ingested proteins and endogenous proteins have entered the digestive tract lumen. All endogenous proteins must be _____ and ______ along with _________ to prevent ________.

A

Digested and absorbed; along with diatary proteins to prevent depletion of bodys protein stores.

305
Q

Larger fats cannot be absorbed into capillaries via the micelles like smaller fats can. Larger monoglycerides enter the _____ instead.

A

Lacteal then go to lymph vessels

306
Q

Vitaimin absorption is largely what?

A

Passive

307
Q

What is the primarily a drying and storage organ?

A

Large intestine

308
Q

Describe the anatomy of the large intestine?

A

Cecum-appendix-colon-sigmoid-rectum

309
Q

What are the three contents received from small intestine to the large intestine?

A
  1. indigestible food residues
    1. unabsorbed biliary components
    2. remaining food
310
Q

What does the Colon extract?

A

Water and salt from contents

311
Q

After the colon extracts water and salt from the contents delievered from the small intestine what is left?

A

Feces

312
Q

What are the longitudinal bands of muscle on the large intestine?

A

Taeniae coli

313
Q

What are the pouches or sacs located on the Large intestine?

A

Haustra

314
Q

Hausta do what when as a result of contraction of the circular smooth muscle layer of the large intestine?

A

Actively change position

315
Q

What is the main motility of the large intestine?

A

Haustra contraction

316
Q

What is the hausta contraction initiated by?

A

Autonomous rhythmicity of colonic smooth muscle cells

317
Q

What moves the colonic contents to the distal part of the large intestine, where material is stored until defecation occurs?

A

Mass movements= massive contractions

318
Q

What triggers mass movements?

A

Gastrocolic refelix – which is mediated from the stomach to the colon by gastrin and by the extrinsic autonomic nerves.

319
Q

When is the gastrocolic reflex most evident?

A

After first meal of the day

320
Q

The gastrocolic reflex is often followed by?

A

Stretch receptors in rectal wall are stimulated by distension

321
Q

What three things must happen for defecation?

A
  1. internal anal sphincter to relax
    1. rectum and sigmoid colon to contract more vigorously
    2. external anal sphincter relax
322
Q

What does the large intestine secrete?

A

Alkaline NaHCO3 & mucus

323
Q

______ more bacteria in colon that body has cells

A

10X

324
Q

What is the function of having so much bacteria in the large intestine?

A

Beneficial indigenous

325
Q

What are the 7 functions of the bacteria in the large intestine?

A
  1. enhance intestinal immunity
  2. promote colonic motility
  3. help maintain colonic mucosal integrity
  4. nutritional contribution
  5. vitamin K
  6. raise acidity which promotes absorption of calcium, magnesium and zinc
  7. glucose relase during bacterial processing of fiber is absorbed by colon
326
Q

What is absorbed by the large intestine?

A

Water and salt

From Flashcardlet (9 decks)

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