GI

Question 1

name ligament between liver and umbilicus

Answer 1

falciform ligament

Question 2

name the double layer of peritoneum that connects the liver to the stomach

Answer 2

lesser omentum

Question 3

name the ligament that connects stomach and spleen

Answer 3

gastrosplenic ligament

Question 4

name the mesenteric fold between the spleen and the left kidney

Answer 4

lienorenal ligament

Question 5

describe the ventral mesentery and what develops within it

Answer 5

mesentery between stomach and umbilicus

liver develops within it

Question 6

blood supply of the foregut

Answer 6

celiac artery

Question 7

blood supply of the midgut

Answer 7

superior mesenteric artery

Question 8

blood supply of the hindgut

Answer 8

inferior mesenteric artery

Question 9

what is the abdominal wall made up of?

Answer 9

sheets of muscle and sheets of tendon

Question 10

name the vertical pair of muscles in the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 10

rectus abdominis

Question 11

rectus abdominis muscle lies within the…

Answer 11

rectus sheath

Question 12

rectus abdominis runs from —- to —-

Answer 12

from sternum and costal margin

to pubis

Question 13

name the top left and right regions of the abdomen

Answer 13

left and right hypochondrium

Question 14

name the top middle region of the abdomen

Answer 14

epigastrium

Question 15

name the central region of the abdomen

Answer 15

umbilical

Question 16

name the bottom middle region of the abdomen

Answer 16

hypogastrium

Question 17

name the left and right middle regions of the abdomen

Answer 17

left and right lumbar

Question 18

name the bottom left and right regions of the abdomen

Answer 18

left and right iliac fossa

Question 19

name the muscle that attaches
laterally to the anterior superior iliac spine
and medially to the pubic tubercle

Answer 19

external oblique

Question 20

nerve supply of the foregut

Answer 20

greater splanchnic nerve

Question 21

nerve supply of the midgut

Answer 21

lesser splanchnic nerve

Question 22

nerve supply of undersurface of diaphragm

Answer 22

phrenic nerve

Question 23

nerve supply of the kidney

Answer 23

sympathetic plexus

Question 24

gonad nerve supply

Answer 24

sympathetic plexus

Question 25

name the layers that surround the lumen of the intestine

Answer 25

mucosa submucosa muscularis propria serosal surface (mesothelium)

Question 26

describe the 2 layers of the muscularis propria of the gut

Answer 26

inner circular | outer longitudinal

Question 27

what is reabsorbed in the large intestine

Answer 27

water

Question 28

why does the large intestine have a decreased surface area compared to the large SA of the small intestine?

Answer 28

such a large SA is not needed for water reabsorption

Question 29

name the epithelium of the oral cavity

Answer 29

stratified squamous | non-keratinizing

Question 30

name epithelium of the tongue

Answer 30

stratified squamous | tiny amount of keratin on the surface

Question 31

name the 4 pairs of tonsils

Answer 31

adenoid tubal palatine lingual

Question 32

name the 3 groups of salivary glands

Answer 32

parotid submandibular sublingual

Question 33

where are the parotid salivary glands located?

Answer 33

in front of the ears

Question 34

where are the sublingual salivary glands located?

Answer 34

beneath the tongue

Question 35

of the 3 groups of salivary glands, which are serous and which are mucinous?

Answer 35

parotid - serous submandibular - mixed subingual - mucinous

Question 36

what digestive enzyme does saliva contain and what does it break down?

Answer 36

amylase | breaks down starch

Question 37

what is secreted in the stomach

Answer 37

HCl pepsin mucous

Question 38

describe muscle wall of stomach

Answer 38

3 layers

Question 39

purpose of the mucous secreted in the stomach

Answer 39

protect the stomach wall from HCl

Question 40

name 'barrier' between stomach and small intestine

Answer 40

pyloric sphincter

Question 41

what is the liquified/partially digested food referred to in the small intestine?

Answer 41

chyme

Question 42

3 sections of the small intestine

Answer 42

duodenum jejunum ileum

Question 43

function of liver and gallbladder in digestion

Answer 43

liver secretes bile for protein digestion | gallbladder stores the bile

Question 44

bile from gallbladder enters duodenum via the...

Answer 44

bile duct

Question 45

pancreatic digestive enzymes secreted into duodenum via...

Answer 45

pancreatic duct

Question 46

enzymes secreted by pancreas

Answer 46

amylase trypsin (protease) lipase

Question 47

brush border enzymes of small intestine:

Answer 47

maltase sucrase lactase peptidase

Question 48

chyme broken down into small molecules such as:

Answer 48

AMINO ACIDS MONOSACCHARIDES FATTY ACIDS GLYCEROL

Question 49

which small molecules are absorbed into the blood?

Answer 49

monosaccharides | amino acids

Question 50

which small molecules are absorbed into the lymphatics and what aids this?

Answer 50

fatty acids and glycerol | helped by the bile

Question 51

sections of the large intestine:

Answer 51

``` caecum ascending transverse descending sigmoid rectum ```

Question 52

substance produced by bacterial fermentation of un-digestible material in the large intestine

Answer 52

short chain fatty acids

Question 53

name 3 sections of the pharynx

Answer 53

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

Question 54

role of pharynx in digestion

Answer 54

moves food towards oesophagus | secretes mucous

Question 55

name the valve in the pharynx that covers the trachea

Answer 55

epiglottis

Question 56

name the cells that lie at the bottom of crypts in the stomach wall. what do they secrete?

Answer 56

chief cells | HCl

Question 57

what do parietal cells secrete, and what is this then converted to?

Answer 57

pepsinogen -> pepsin

Question 58

name enzyme secreted by small intestine that stimulates the gallbladder

Answer 58

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Question 59

bile moves from liver to gallbladder via...

Answer 59

the common hepatic duct

Question 60

describe the composition of the liver

Answer 60

2 lobes -> many hexagonal lobules -> hepatocytes

Question 61

what enzymes are released and what is digested in the mouth and stomach respectively?

Answer 61

mouth > amylase > carbs | stomach > pepsinogen > pepsin > protein

Question 62

what does the pancreas secrete into the duodenum and what effect does it have?

Answer 62

HCO3- (bicarbonate) > neutralises stomach acid amylase > carb digestion lipase > fat digestion nucleases > nucleotide digestion

Question 63

describe the muscles of the rectum

Answer 63

both voluntary and involuntary | internal anal sphincter & external anal sphincter

Question 64

2 components of starch

Answer 64

amylose (linear glucose chain with a 1-4 glycosidic bonds) | amylopectin (branched chains of glucose with a 1-6 glycosidic bonds)

Question 65

what does amylase do to starch

Answer 65

break alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 66

why is amylase inactivated in the stomach

Answer 66

by HCl (stomach acid)

Question 67

alternative name for cells of the small intestine

Answer 67

enterocytes

Question 68

function of sucrase/isomaltase

Answer 68

breaks alpha (1-4) and (1-6) glycosidic bonds of alpha-dextrins (starch breakdown products)

Question 69

how are Na+ and glucose transported from intestinal lumen in the enterocytes?

Answer 69

co-transporter on apical surface of enterocyte | 2Na+ for each 1 glucose molecule

Question 70

how is glucose absorbed into the blood from the enterocytes?

Answer 70

glut2 transporter on basal surface of enterocyte

Question 71

where, and as what is glucose stored?

Answer 71

in the liver as glycogen

Question 72

what happens to 'resistant starch' (starch not broken down in small intestine)?

Answer 72

reaches colon and is fermented by colon bacteria into short-chain fatty acids