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Medicine year 1 > GI principles > Flashcards

GI principles Flashcards

1
Q

Which drugs affect gastric secretion (5)

A

Antacids
Histamine H2 antagonists
Misoprostol
NSAIDs
PPIs

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2
Q

How do antacids work

A

They reduce symptoms of excessive gastric acid secretion by buffering hydrochloric acid

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3
Q

How do histamine H2 antagonists work

A

Blocking the H2 receptor reduces hydrochloric acid secretion

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4
Q

How do NSAIDs affect gastric secretion

A

Inhibit COX-1, thus disrupting the action of prostaglandins
This promotes histamine secretion and therefore hydrochloric acid secretion

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5
Q

how does misoprostol work

A

is an analogue of prostaglandin E1

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6
Q

How do proton pump inhibitors work

A

Irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ ATPase pump
Which reduces hydrochloric acid secretion

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7
Q

Give examples of anti-emetic drugs (5)

A

Antihistamines
Anti-muscarinic
5-HT3 receptor antagonists
Dopamine receptor antagonists
Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists

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8
Q

Which anti-emetic drugs affect receptors in the GI tract as well as the brain (3)

A

5-HT3 receptor antagonists
Dopamine receptor antagonists
Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists

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9
Q

Which drugs affect gastro-intestinal motility (4)

A

anti-diarrhoeal drugs
Constipation reducing drugs
Laxatives
Faeca softeners

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10
Q

What are examples of anti-diarrhoea drugs

A

Opiates

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11
Q

What are the types of laxatives (3)

A

bulk
Osmotic
Stimulant

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12
Q

How do bulk laxatives work (2)

A

bulk is formed from undigested polysaccharides
The bulk triggers peristaltic reflexes

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13
Q

How do osmotic laxatives work

A

lead to increased fluid in the bowel
This promotes movement of gut contents

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14
Q

What are Intraperitoneal organs

A

organ that are almost completely covered by visceral peritoneum
And are therefore minimally mobile

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15
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs

A

organs only partially covered with peritoneal
(Only on anterior surface)

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16
Q

Describe organs with mesentery

A

organs covered in visceral peritoneum which forms a double layer

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17
Q

Which GI organs are intraperitoneal

A

stomach
Spleen
Liver
Duodenum parts 1+4
Jejunum
Ileum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
Caecum

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18
Q

Which GI organs are retroperitoneal

A

duodenum parts 2+3
Pancreas (not tail)
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Rectum

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19
Q

Where does the oesophagus begin

A

Inferior edge of cricopharyngeus muscle

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20
Q

Function of the oesophageal plexus

A

to supply smooth muscle within walls of oesophagus

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21
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation of the oesophagus cause

A

increased peristalsis

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22
Q

Where does the caecum lie

A

Right iliac fossa

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23
Q

Where is the appendicitis orifice

A

Posteromedial wall of caecum

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24
Q

Where does the sigmoid colon lie

A

left iliac fossa

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25
What is the importance of the levator ani muscle (2)
a skeletal muscle which provides continual support for pelvic organs Reflexively contracts further if there is an increase in intra-abdominal pressure
26
Importance of the puborectalis (3)
part of levator ani muscle Contraction decreases anorectal angle - acts as a sphincter Helps to maintain continence when rectal ampulla is relaxed and filled
27
When is the internal anal sphincter relaxed/contracted
contacted - all the time Relaxed - in response to distension of rectal ampulla
28
When is the external anal sphincter contracted relaxed
relaxed - all the time Contracted - along with puborectalis in response to distension of the rectal ampulla and internal sphincter relaxation
29
What type of muscle makes up the internal anal sphincter
smooth muscle
30
What type of muscle makes up the external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle (voluntary control)
31
Which nerve supplies the external anal sphincter
Pudendal nerve
32
Describe the ischioanal fossae (2)
lie on either side of anal canal Filled with fat and loose connective tissue
33
What are the surface lines of the abdominal wall (3)
Linea semilunaris Linea alba Anterior superior iliac spine
34
What direction do the muscles fibres of the external obliques run in
Anteroinferior
35
What direction do the muscle fibres of the internal obliques run in
anterosuperior
36
What direction do the muscle fibres of the transversus abdominis run in
Horizontal
37
Where is the deep inguinal ring found
superior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
38
Where is the superficial ring found
Superolateral to the pubic tubercle
39
Describe the peritoneal cavity (2)
a potential space of capillary thinness between parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum Containing peritoneal fluid secreted by the peritoneum
40
What is ascitic fluid
Excess fluid collecting within peritoneal cavity
41
Is the abdominal aorta intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal
Retroperitoneal (only partially covered by peritoneum)
42
What are the three branches of the abdominal aorta
Coeliac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesentery artery
43
where does the coeliac trunk arise
level of t12 vertebral
44
What are the branches of the coeliac trunk (3)
splenic artery Hepatic artery Left gastric artery
45
What do the lateral branches of the abdominal aorta supply
Kidneys, adrenal glands, gonads, and posterolateral body wall
46
What is the marginal artery of Drummond
an arterial anastomosis between the branches of the superior mesenteric artery and the inferior mesenteric artery
47
Describe the blood supply to the liver (2)
Left and right hepatic arteries Hepatic portal vein
48
which vessel supplies Hindgut organs
inferior mesentery artery
49
What is the remainder of the GI trac (past proximal half of anal canal) supplied by (vessel)
internal iliac artery
50
What is the function of the hepatic portal venous system
To drain venous blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract and associated organs Takes this blood to the liver for cleaning
51
Which vessels are part of the hepatic portal venous system
inferior vena cava Hepatic portal vein Splenic vein Superior mesenteric vein Inferior mesenteric vein
52
Function of the hepatic portal vein
to drain blood from the foregut, midgut, and hindgut structures to the liver for first pass metabolism
53
Function of the splenic vein
Drains blood from the foregut structures to the hepatic portal vein
54
Function of the superior mesenteric vein
to drain blood from midgut structures to the hepatic portal vein
55
Function of the inferior mesenteric vein
to drain blood from hindgut structures to the splenic vein
56
What can cause rectal varices
portal hypertension Collateral veins between portal and systemic venous systems dilate
57
Where is gastrin secreted
from G cells in the antrum of the stomach
58
what is the role of gastrin (3)
increases acid, pepsinogen, and IF secretion Increases gastric motility Stimulates parietal cell maturation
59
Where is CCK secreted
I cells in the upper small intestine
60
What is the role of CCK (6)
Increases secretion of enzyme-rich fluid from the pancreas Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder Stimulates relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi Decreases gastric emptying Trophic effect on pancreatic acinar cells Induces satiety
61
Where is secretin secreted
S cells in the upper small intestine
62
What is the role of secretin (3)
Increases secretion of bicarbonate rich fluid fluid from pancreas and hepatic Decreases gastric acid acid secretion Trophies effect on pancreatic acinar cells
63
Where is VIP secreted
small intestine pancreas
64
What is the role of VIP
Stimulates secretion by pancreas and intestines Inhibits acid secretion
65
Where is somatostatin secreted
D cells in pancreas and stomach
66
What is the role of somatostatin (3)
decreases acid, pepsin, gastrin, pancreatic enzyme, insulin, and glucagon secretion Inhibits the tropic effects of gastrin Stimulates production of gastric mucus

Medicine year 1 (35 decks)

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