GI System

Question 1

What is peristalsis?

Answer 1

Progressive waves of contractions that move from one section to the next

Question 2

Where does peristalsis occur?

Answer 2

• esophagus = moves food from pharynx to stomach
• stomach = helps mix food
• small intestine (but not primary mvmt)

Question 3

What is segmentation?

Answer 3

short segments of small and large intestines alternately contracting/relaxing which mixes contents and keeps them in contact w/absorptive epithelium

Question 4

Is peristalsis or segmentation faster and why?

Answer 4

Segmentation is faster bc:

1. there are multiple contractions at a time vs. peristalsis is just 1 contraction at a time
2. small and large intestine are larger than the stomach

Question 5

Name the 3 sections of small intestine in order

Answer 5

1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum

Question 6

Where is the location of the most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption?

Answer 6

Jejunum of small intestine

Question 7

What is the name of the sphincter at the end of the small intestine?

Answer 7

ileocecal valve

Question 8

What are the 2 functions of the pancreas?

Answer 8

1. Endocrine cells secrete insulin and glucagon into bloodstream
2. Exocrine cells secrete pancreatic juices

Question 9

Name the 2 enteric NS plexuses

Answer 9

1. Submucosal nerve plexus

2. Myenteric nerve plexus

Question 10

What does the myenteric plexus control?

Answer 10

contraction of smooth muscle (peristalsis and segmentation)

Question 11

What does the submucosal plexus control?

Answer 11

1. endo and exocrine secretion of the mucosa

2. mechano and chemoreceptors in the mucosa

Question 12

What is a videofluoroscopy?

Answer 12

there is a screen behind the patient and the camera in front takes a photo while swallowing takes place

Question 13

What is areflexic bowel? What 2 things could possibly be damaged?

Answer 13

Flaccid bowel

The internal or external muscle OR sensory or motor nerve damage

Question 14

Who has hyperreflexia?

Answer 14

SCI at T-5 or above

Question 15

What is hyperreflexia?

Answer 15

Overreactivity of ANS which causes narrowing of blood vessels and increase in BP

Question 16

What is a videofluoroscopy?

Answer 16

there is a screen behind the patient and the camera in front takes a photo while swallowing takes place

Question 17

Swallowing is a reflex. (T/F)

Answer 17

False

Swallowing is a response

Question 18

Pseudobulbar Dysphagia: Which motor neuron is affected and what do these nerves supply?

Answer 18

Upper motor neuron

nerves that supply the brainstem/brain

Question 19

What is scintigraphy?

Answer 19

radioactive isotopes in food and swallow

Question 20

What is manometry?

Answer 20

catheter down the esophagus to look at PRESSURE only

Question 21

What is an Electromyography?

Answer 21

electrodes on parts and see if the muscle is firing

Question 22

3 types of Dysphagia?

Answer 22

1. Paralytic
2. Pseudobulbar
3. Mechanical

Question 23

Paralytic Dysphagia: Which motor neuron is affected and what do these nerves supply?

Answer 23

Lower motor neuron

nerves that supply the extremity

Question 24

Pseudobulbar Dysphagia: Which motor neuron is affected and what do these nerves supply?

Answer 24

Upper motor neuron

nerves that supply the brainstem/brain

Question 25

What 3 cranial nerves are involved in initiation of swallowing?

Answer 25

``` CN 5 (trigeminal) CN 7 (facial) CN 9 (glossopharyngeal) ```

Question 26

Which 2 cranial nerves innervate the tongue?

Answer 26

``` CN 7 (facial) is anterior 2/3 of tongue CN 9 (glossopharyngeal) is posterior 1/3 of tongue ```

Question 27

What cranial nerve innervates all extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles and is involved in receiving info about motor mvmt?

Answer 27

CN 12- hypoglossal

Question 28

Where is sensory and motor info sent to for processing?

Answer 28

swallowing center of medulla

Question 29

What cranial nerves are involved in motor function for swallowing?

Answer 29

Once swallow response is initiated from medulla msgs are sent to: CN 10 -vagus CN 9 -glossopharyngeal CN 12 - hypoglossal

Question 30

What is dysphagia?

Answer 30

difficulty w/any stage of swallowing

Question 31

Name 3 types of dysphagia

Answer 31

1. paralytic 2. pseudobulbar 3. mechanical

Question 32

Name 6 tests for dysphagia

Answer 32

1. Electromyography 2. Endoscopic evaluation of swallowing 3. Manometry 4. Scintigraphy 5. Ultrasonography 6. Videofluoroscopy

Question 33

What is autonomic dysreflexia (hyperreflexia)?

Answer 33

- unique to pt after SCI at T5 and above - over activity of sympathetic portion of ANS - occurs when irritating stimulus introduced below SCI injury or when need to make a bowel mvmt

Question 34

Is fecal incontinence normal with age?

Answer 34

The inability to control bowels is not normal.

Question 35

What is areflexic bowel?

Answer 35

muscles not contracting so inability to control bowels bc of internal and/or external sphincter damage from sensory or motor nerve damage

Question 36

CN whose motor component innervates muscles involved in swallowing?

Answer 36

CN V Trigeminal

Question 37

CN whose sensory component carries sensations from the face, mouth, and mandible

Answer 37

CN V Trigeminal

Question 38

CN whose motor component innervates lip muscles and buccinator muscles to prevent slipping out and building up of food

Answer 38

CN VII Facial

Question 39

CN whose sensory component carriers information about anterior 2/3 of tongue

Answer 39

CN VII Facial

Question 40

CN whose motor component innervates the 3 salivary glands

Answer 40

CN IX glossopharyngeal

Question 41

CN whose sensory component carries information about posterior 1/3 of tongue

Answer 41

CN IX glossopharyngeal

Question 42

Which CN innervates all the innervates all the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 42

CN XII Hypoglossal

Question 43

CN whose motor component innervates palatine muscles, pharyngeal constructors, intrinsic larynx, and esophageal muscles?

Answer 43

CN X Vagus

Question 44

CN whose sensory component carries information about the posterior and inferior portions of the pharynx and larynx

Answer 44

CN X Vagus