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Reproductive System > Giving Birth > Flashcards

Giving Birth Flashcards

1
Q

define parturition

A

the changing from a pregnant state to a non pregnant state

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2
Q

define labour

A

the physiological process by which a baby is expelled from the uterus

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3
Q

define delivery

A

the method of expulsion of the foetus

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4
Q

what happens in the first stage of labour

A

there is the creation of the birth canal

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5
Q

what makes up the birth canal

A

bony part - pelvis

soft tissue part = cervix, vagina and perineum

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6
Q

what is the latent stage of labour

A

when there is slow cervical dilation and softening

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7
Q

what is the active stage of labour

A

faster rate of contractions and full cervical dilation occurs

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8
Q

what is cervical ripening

A

where the cervix becomes softer and shorter due to the break down of connective tissue and a larger amount of water present

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9
Q

what hormones contribute to cervical ripening

A

prostaglandins, oestrogen and relaxin

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10
Q

what is the role of prostaglandins in labour

A

they trigger cervical ripening and cause uterine contractions

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11
Q

what is the role of oxytocin in labour

A

initiates uterine contractions

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12
Q

where is oxytocin released from

A

the posterior pituitary gland

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13
Q

what does progesterone do in labour

A

inhibits contractions

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14
Q

what allows the levels of prostaglandins and oxytocin to rise

A

a fall in the progesterone levels

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15
Q

how may labour be induced

A

giving artificial prostaglandins

also give synthetic oxytocin or anti-progesterone agents

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16
Q

what happens to the uterine muscle after it contracts

A

it retracts so doesn’t go back to its original size - this way the uterine muscle gradually becomes smaller

17
Q

what methods can be used to help in labour

A

Caesarean section

forceps and vacuum extraction

18
Q

what happens in stage 2 of labour

A

this is where the baby is expelled through the birth canal

19
Q

what passive actions of the baby asset stage 2 of labour

A

the baby moves its head sideways to the transverse position

20
Q

what active actions are there to move the baby in stage 2 of labour

A

uterine contractions rotate the head and shoulders

21
Q

what is stage 3 of labour

A

expulsion of the placenta

22
Q

what causes placenta expulsion

A

uterine contractions

23
Q

what mechanism prevents postpartum haemorrhage

A

contraction of the uterus compresses the blood vessels to prevent blood flow

24
Q

what causes milk production

A

suckling causes prolactin to be produced which causes milk production

25
Q

what causes the release of breast milk

A

oxytocin

26
Q

when is oxytocin produced

A

due to suckling, hearing a baby cry, seeing a baby

27
Q

what inhibits oxytocin production

A

stress

28
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

cause the myoepithelial cells surrounding the mammary glands to contract to release the breast milk

29
Q

how does breast milk vary over time

A

firstly starts very watery then later on contains more iron and fats

30
Q

what are the protective functions of breast milk

A
  • lactoferrin prevents E.coli proliferation
  • encourage normal flora development
  • IgA passed on for passive immunity
31
Q

what is the post partum period

A

the time between delivery and 6 weeks post natal

32
Q

what is primary post partum haemorrhage

A

loss of 500ml of blood immediately after giving birth

33
Q

what prevents post partum haemorrhage

A

contraction of the uterus to compress blood vessels and stop blood flow

34
Q

what is sheehan’s syndrome

A

a loss of blood and hypovolaemia following birth

35
Q

what affect is there on the anterior pituitary gland with sheehan’s syndrome

A

necrosis can occur as there is not enough blood supply

the anterior pituitary has increased in size so needs a increased blood supply
the blood supply isn’t great anyway as it is through the portal system

36
Q

what brachial plexus problems can occur during birth

A

Erb’s palsy and Klumpke’s palsy could occur

Reproductive System (15 decks)

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