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Geography > Global Governance > Flashcards

Global Governance Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of UAE workers are migrants?

A

88%

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2
Q

What are SEZs?

A

Special Economic Zones
Help to attract FDI.
Southern China has many - call them export processing zones.
China offers low taxes and labour costs.

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3
Q

What is a skills gap?

A

Elite migrants migrate to work in a particular industry.
E.g, Skilled healthcare workers come into NHS
Source country experiences gap in skillset.
Host country has a skills gap filled.

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4
Q

Largest slum in Mumbai

A

Dharavi
5000 employed in recycling
Much informal employment

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5
Q

What group of countries provided migrants to UK post 2004 - new EU members?

A

A8
Poor eastern european states.

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6
Q

Per capita how much poorer were A8 countries in 2004?

A

40%

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7
Q

What is global shift?

A

Movement of manufacturing and outsourcing of services from west to east.

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8
Q

Main driver of global shift?

A

Labour costs

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9
Q

How many employed in shipbreaking in Bangladesh?

A

36,000

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10
Q

Shibreaking accident statistic

A

2019 - 26 died in accidents in Bangladesh

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11
Q

Why has shipping industry gone into decline?

A

Overcapacity
China growth has slowed
Therefore, ships sailing at undercapacity and not making as much money.

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12
Q

EU country suffering from brain drain

A

Poland

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13
Q

2 BRIC bank alternatives

A

China Development Bank
New Development Bank

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14
Q

Shrinking World

A

The theory that the globe is getting ‘relatively’ smaller due to advances in technology, e.g. transportation/communication.

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15
Q

2 other ways shrinking world is expressed

A

Space covergence
Space-Time compression

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16
Q

Global Hubs

A

A place providing a focal point for activities that have a global influence.
All mega-cities are global hubs, along with smaller settlements (like Cambridge, whose university and science park have a global reach).

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17
Q

Remittances

A

The transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country.

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18
Q

UNESCO

A

United Nations Education Scientific Cultural Organisation

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19
Q

Education inaccessability for primary school children

A

Still completely inaccessible to over 60 million children of primary school age.

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20
Q

Change in percent of africans with no education

A

1970 - 59% no education
2022 - 22% no education
PROGRESS

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21
Q

What % of Africans will go to higher education?

A

9%

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22
Q

UDHR

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Adopted in 1948

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23
Q

When were women allowed to vote in Saudi Arabia?

A

2015

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24
Q

When did Paris Agreement come into force?

A

4th November 2016

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25
Q

How many US to Mexico deportations are there annually?

A

100,000

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26
Q

When were intermodal containers introduced?

A

1956

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27
Q

Full name for the containers on ships.

A

Intermodal Containers

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28
Q

First introduction of intermodal containers

A

Malcolm McLean into his New Jersey company, Sea Land

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29
Q

Annual US to Mexico remittances

A

$6 billion

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30
Q

What % of Mexico’s GDP is remittances from the US?

A

3%

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31
Q

2 biggest oil chokepoints

A

Strait of Hormuz
Strait of Malacca

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32
Q

Strait of Hormuz details

A

Located between Oman and Iran, the Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea.
17 million barells a day

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33
Q

Recent big threat to the Strait of Hormuz?

A

Iran threatened blocking as part of a conflcit with US. Reduce supply… globalisation… prices skyrocket… economy crashes.

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34
Q

Example of how geopolitics can change oil prices quickly.

A

Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990s. Global oil prices doubled and remained like that for a year.

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35
Q

Who has been protecting strait of hormuz with military presence?

A

USA since Carter administration

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36
Q

Strait of Malacca details

A

Key chokepoint in East Asia
Links Indian Ocean to SC Sea
15 million barrells a day
Narrowest point is 1.7 miles
Piracy a big threat, stepped up patrols in 2005

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37
Q

Development in Strait of Hormuz in 2023

A

Iran have seized two oil tankers. US have stepped up patrols significantly.

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38
Q

Strait of Malacca very recent defence efforts

A

China and Singapore 2023 joint drill
70% China’s oil imports pass through
Scared that in a US conflict it could be blocked

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39
Q

What % of world’s trade passes through Suez?

A

12%

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40
Q

When was Suez blockage?

A

2021

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41
Q

Daily value of goods passing through suez?

A

$10 billion

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42
Q

What ship got stuck in Suez?

A

Ever Given

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43
Q

What were many ships forced to do because of Ever Given blockage?

A

Go around the Cape of Good Hope. Extra 7-15 days.

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44
Q

Annual number of containers shipped

A

600 million
In 2000 this was only 200 million
BIG INCREASE IN 21ST CENTURY

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45
Q

What percent of products do China manufacture?

A

28%

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46
Q

Pre 1939 Ocean Law

A

‘Freedom of the Seas’
States only had jurisdiction 3 miles off coast

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47
Q

What was UNCLOS?

A

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

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48
Q

When did UNCLOS that still applies today come in?

A

1982

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49
Q

Territorial Sea

A

12 nautical miles
Full sovreignity

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50
Q

EEZ oceans under UNCLOS

A

Maximum 200 nautical miles
Exlusive rights to mineral extraction and fisheries.

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51
Q

Extended continental shelf

A

Maximum 350 nautical miles
Underwater continuation of landmasses
Following legal process to establish it, full rights of mineral extraction

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52
Q

What applies in the high seas / the area?

A

International Law of the Sea

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53
Q

What authority decides licences for high sea?

A

Seabed Authority

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54
Q

The four regions under UNCLOS

A

Territorial Sea
Exclusive Economic Zone
Extended Continental Shelf
High Seas / The Area

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55
Q

Definition of Global Commons

A

Resource domains or areas that lie outside of the political reach of any one nation state.

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56
Q

UN 4 Global Commons

A

High Seas
Atmosphere
Antarctica
Space

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57
Q

How much value do oceans provide annually?

A

$3 trillion

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58
Q

Supranational Law

A

Transcends national borders and/or governments

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59
Q

Developing nations skipping outdated tech

A

Leapfrogging

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60
Q

What banned Antarctica mineral mining?

A

1998 Madrid Protocol

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61
Q

When was the Madrid Protocol and what did it do?

A

Banned mineral mining in Antarctica

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62
Q

3 countries that voted against Madrid protocol

A

UK, US, Japan

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63
Q

Revisitation of Madrid protocol

A

Can be revisited in 2048
Russia and China want to do so earlier.

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64
Q

What shipping company went bankrupt it 2016?

A

Hanjin Shipping

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65
Q

Open Door policy

A

1978 - opened China up to foreign investment

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66
Q

When was China’s open door policy introduced?

A

1978

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67
Q

What percent of world’s petroleum moves via oceans?

A

63%

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68
Q

How many times was Mexico wall breached in 2022?

A

Over 4000

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69
Q

How much of China’s farmland is degraded?

A

40%, consequence of urbanisation + population pressures + pollution

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70
Q

Two countries where development has caused deforestation?

A

Togo - 60% forest lost
Nigeria - 50%

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71
Q

Global Car Trade

A

Exports - $720 billion a year
Biggest importer USA (shift!!!)
Biggest exporter Germany

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72
Q

When was shipping industry piracy peak?

A

2011

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73
Q

Cost of 2011 piracy peak?

A

$10 billion in 1 year

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74
Q

When did UN come into being?

A

1945

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75
Q

UKIP vote share in 2015

A

12.6%

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76
Q

When was ‘Muslim Ban’?

A

2017

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77
Q

How many visas revoked due to ‘Muslim Ban’?

A

60,000

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78
Q

What is IWC?

A

International whaling commission. Designates whale sancturies.

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79
Q

What is IWM?

A

International Whaling Moratorium, declared stop to commercial whaling

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80
Q

Example of Whale Sanctuary

A

Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
Established in 1994, protects calves and females.

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81
Q

3 countries that don’t follow whaling moratorium

A

Norway, Iceland, Japan

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82
Q

How many foreign films do China allow annually?

A

Just 34 - example of censorship preventing globalisation

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83
Q

NAFTA

A

North America Free Trade Agreement
Introduced in 1994, finished in 2020

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84
Q

What replaced NAFTA?

A

USMCA - introduced in 2020

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85
Q

Briefly outline USMCA differences to NAFTA

A

1 - Agricultural produce trading easier
2 - Provisions for US automobile industry
3 - Technology
4 - $600 million for common environmental issues

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86
Q

Example of common US-Mexico environmental issue which will be addressed somewhat due to USMCA

A

Sewage spillovers from Tijuana that impact San Diego

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87
Q

Papua New Guinea cultural erosion

A

7000 cultural groups, most with own language. 1/4 at risk of being lost. Urbanisation is breaking up communities.

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88
Q

Worldwide FDI increase

A

1996 - $400 billion
2016 - $1500 billion

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89
Q

1945 change to ocean ownership precedent

A

USA claimed ownership of continental shelf
All oil/gas/minerals
First major challenge to freedom of the seas
Nations quickly copied

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90
Q

What is offshoring?

A

TNCs moving production abroad but keeping money in original country.

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91
Q

What was the Foxconn scandal?

A

2011
Chinese workers made very ill due to exposure to chemicals in factory making apple phones. Outsourcing production unsafe.

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92
Q

Why have single hulled tankers been phased out?

A

The ‘Prestige’ sank off Spanish coast in 2002
EU changed laws following it.

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93
Q

China rural-urban migration since open door policy

A

300 million people

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94
Q

a

A

b

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95
Q

When did China join WTO?

A

2001

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96
Q

Out of top 10 most valuable TNCs, how many are tech companies?

A

6

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97
Q

Shift of services to India

A

English speaking population
TNCs have outsourced call centres + helplines
EXAMPLE -
BT opened 2 in 2003
Employs 2200

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98
Q

How much does outsourcing provide to Indian economy?

A

$150 billion

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99
Q

When was ATS?

A

1959

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100
Q

What is ATS and what did it do?

A

Antarctic Treaty - 1959
Banned:
- military activity
- disposal of radioactive waste
- land disputes
Guaranteed:
- right of research for all

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101
Q

Rise of megacities

A

1990 - 10 megacities
2023 - 33 megacities
2030 - UN predicts 41

102
Q

2 megacities growing rapidly

A

Mumbai, India
Karachi, Pakistan

103
Q

How many countries in EU?

A

27

104
Q

What % of Nepal’s GDP is remittances?

A

25%

105
Q

2014 Nepal Migrants

A

16,000 left every month (mostly to middle east)

106
Q

When were financial services deregulated?

A

70s and 80s

107
Q

What % of all products do china make?

A

29%

108
Q

What product does McDonalds not serve in India?

A

Beef

109
Q

Difference in Cadbury’s in China

A

Sweeter

110
Q

How much does Nepal recieve as remittances every year?

A

$12.5 billion

111
Q

What % of Mexican PHD holders live in USA?

A

74%

112
Q

How much did Mexican wall cost?

A

$15 billion

113
Q

How many poles in UK?

A

650,000

114
Q

3 countries with points based immigration systems

A

Australia, Singapore, UK

115
Q

Increase in size of container ships

A

Since 1997, 90% increase

116
Q

What proportion of Kenya uses M-PESA system?

A

2/3

117
Q

What is growing in China?

A

Middle class

118
Q

How many piracy incidents Somalia 2011?

A

237

119
Q

Where do the highest number of hijackings occur?

A

Gulf of Guinea

120
Q

3 ways that piracy has been prevented

A

NATO and other institutions have deployed patrols. Ships fitted with guards, barbed wire, and water cannons. Ships rerouted.

121
Q

What % of internet data passes through underfloor cables?

A

90%

122
Q

2016 ocean cable

A

9000 km long between US west coast and Japan
Funded by google and asian tech firms
$300 million

123
Q

How many satellites in orbit?

A

Over 5000

124
Q

How many cables pass OVER egypt?

A

16

125
Q

2013 Cable Cut

A

Near Alexandria. Diver. Slowed internet for Egypt by 60% cut off 90% of Ethiopia’s internet.

126
Q

How many cable cut incidents are there a year?

A

100 ish

127
Q

What are 2/3 of cable faults caused by?

A

Boats/anchors

128
Q

If the Egypt cables were cut what % of world’s internet would go down

A

1/3

129
Q

How was Armenia’s internet cut off in 2011?

A

Old woman accidentally cut a cable. Only one supplying country - 5 hours offline

130
Q

2011 indonesian sea cable policy

A

Only indonesian crews could fix cables. They didn’t exist! Caused severe delays

131
Q

Longest internet cable

A

SEA - ME - WE (southeast asia, middle east, western europe)

132
Q

Global demand for bandwith increase per year

A

40%

133
Q

When were first cables laid?

A

Telegraph cables in 1840s

134
Q

When did undersea fire optic cables replace?

A

1990s

135
Q

When did SE asia lose 50% connectivity?

A

2008 when an anchor severed a major bit

136
Q

Textile factory collapse

A

2011 Bangladesh - Rana Plaza factory. 1100 died. Wal-mart had supply issues.

137
Q

Outsourcing issue (meat)

A

Tesco outsourced meat production to Romania. In 2013, found horsemeat mixed into beefburgers.

138
Q

How many points along the meat supply chain is it estimated the integrity can be jeapordised?

A

450

139
Q

Honda Swindon factory

A

2 day workweek after

140
Q

China change in extreme poverty rates 1980 - 2016?

A

1980 - 84%
2016 - 10%

141
Q

How long were workweeks in Foxconn factory?

A

70 hours

142
Q

China literacy rate changes

A

1950 - 20%
Now - 97%

143
Q

Mexican manufacturing issue with NAFTA

A

US companies manufacture on the border (just in Mexico) to take advantage of low cost labour.

144
Q

EU - Japan deal

A

2019 - Free trade

145
Q

What trade deal did Trump withdraw from before it could be ratified?

A

TPP - trans pacific partnership
would have limited chinese influence but hurt american workers

146
Q

When was UN created?

A

1945

147
Q

How many countries in UN?

A

193

148
Q

SAP Bolivia

A

2000 - water had to be privatised in return for loan
Price doubled and there were riots + strikes

149
Q

How many elderly dependents does India have?

A

100 million

150
Q

What percentage of Indian elderly dependents live in rural areas?

A

70%

151
Q

Elderly dependents and rural-urban migration India

A

While increase in remittances, the provision and care provided by younger family members removed.

152
Q

What is ruralisation?

A

Investment in rural communities to create modern and self-sufficient villages to reduce rural to urban migration.

153
Q

How many use M-PESA?

A

8 million

154
Q

Why does Saudi Arabia have a large urban population?

A

Environmental conditions

155
Q

Major slum in Rio

A

Rochina

156
Q

By 2025 what will China have?

A

Over 220 cities with over 1 million people

157
Q

China urban growth strategy

A

Government construction of housing and creating full new cities (e.g. Shenzen)

158
Q

Lagos slum

A

Makoko, massive slum settlement. Little state support. Bottom up creation of islands in lagoon using sawdust and waste materials. 250,000 population

159
Q

Senegal land grabs

A

12% under foreign ownership
20% very malnourished

160
Q

How much oil spills in Nigeria?

A

9 million barrels

161
Q

Nigeria oil and indigenous rights

A

Ogoni people land stolen and desecrated
Shell had to pay $9 billion in compensation

162
Q

What is CITES?

A

Convention on international trade in endangered species of fauna and flora

163
Q

When did CITES come into being?

A

1975

164
Q

Change to CITES

A

Rising middle class in Asia means consumption of more expensive fish. Shark protections changed

165
Q

When did Russia try to ‘claim’ the arctic?

A

2007
Placed an underwater flag

166
Q

What proportion of world’s undiscovered hydrocarbons are likely under Arctic?

A

25%

167
Q

What sea route might be opened up in summer months due to Arctic melting?

A

Northern Passage

168
Q

Difference in speed of Arctic warming

A

Double the global average. Likely due to positive feedback loop - albedo and permafrost.

169
Q

China initiative to secure trade

A

One Belt One Road

170
Q

How many countries currently participating in One Belt One Road?

A

71

171
Q

How much has China invested in OBOR?

A

$900 BILLION

172
Q

What is attractive about OBOR funding?

A

Unconditional. No SAPs or political conditions.

173
Q

Sri Lankan Port

A

Hambantota
Built using chinese money
Not commercially viable
Given to chinese sponsored company on 99 year lease

174
Q

What phrase used for OBOR?

A

Debt trap diplomacy

175
Q

How many IMF loans has Pakistan taken since 1988?

A

12

176
Q

Malaysia 2018 political change

A

Corrupt government swept aside. $4.5 billion missing from development fund. New prime minister cancelled loans from china.

177
Q

What did new Malaysian PM say in 2018?

A

Free trade should also be fair trade.

178
Q

British rule by 1920

A

20% of world’s population
25% of world’s land area

179
Q

Pre-1850 UK colonialism

A

Small colonies on coastal fringes. Defended with forts. Trading interests of companies (like East India Company) protected.

180
Q

1850-1945 UK colonialism

A

Colonies extended inland. Administrators set up to rule population, high exports.

181
Q

Rostow’s 5 Stages of Development

A

Pre-industrial society
Preconditions for takeoff
Takeoff
Drive to maturity
High mass consumption

182
Q

Main problems with Rostow model

A

Considers a country in isolation.
Fails to consider other models
- Saudi Arabia oil
- Kenya tourism
- Bolivia sustainable development

183
Q

British navy size in 1920 comparison

A

Double next largest (Germany). Maritime power.

184
Q

Country that has provided fishing rights to china

A

Mozambique - locals now have to work for Chinese boats as they’re outcompeted

185
Q

What proportion of S America’s GDP does Brazil produce?

A

50%

186
Q

What proportion of CO2 emissions are China?

A

33%

187
Q

How much does it cost to attend WEF in Davos?

A

$19,000 - example of exclusion of developing countries

188
Q

How was the ozone layer repaired?

A

1987 Montreal Protocol - stopped use of CFCs

189
Q

Kyoto Protocol

A

1997
USA did not agree to it
China + India excluded

190
Q

When was IPCC established?

A

1988

191
Q

Earth Summit 1992

A

Set limits on greenhouse gas emissions.
No enforcement mechanisms.
Just no effect.

192
Q

What did EU introduce in 2005 (climate change)?

A

Carbon credits trading scheme - rubbish

193
Q

When was Paris Agreement?

A

2015

194
Q

Russia Paris Agreement loophole

A

30% reduction from 1990 level. That’s an increase from today because collapsed in 1991!

195
Q

Global annual profits from people smuggling

A

$3 billion to $6 billion

196
Q

What 2004 change protected ports more?

A

International Port and Security Code (IPSC) in wake of 9/11. Gives port authorities more power.

197
Q

UK fishing industry worth to economy

A

£770 million - not too much

198
Q

In 2005 how much more could Polish people earn on average in UK?

A

5x more

199
Q

Demographic fact about polish immigrants

A

80% 18-34

200
Q

Tesco sells how many lines of polish food

A

Over 100

201
Q

What religion has benefitted from Polish immigration?

A

Catholicism

202
Q

3rd most spoken language in UK

A

punjabi

203
Q

UK is home to what largest diaspora outside india

A

Sikhs

204
Q

Indian diaspora employment

A

Highest employment out of any social group

205
Q

What % of UK’s accepted citizenship applications are Indian?

A

52%

206
Q

Hispanic community USA change

A

1950 - 3 million
2017 - 60 million

207
Q

Shengen agreement

A

1995

208
Q

What has Biden admin continued?

A

Building the wall and ICE deportations

209
Q

What did Suella Braverman call seeing people getting deported?

A

Her ‘dream at night’ and ‘greatest passion and obsession’.

210
Q

Where do majority of Mexican emigrants come from?

A

Rural areas, causes agricultural issues.

211
Q

What % of Mexican immigrants speak English?

A

63%

212
Q

Example of Mexican border town

A

Tijuana

213
Q

What proportion of world’s trade travels through South China Sea?

A

1/3

214
Q

China historical claim over SCS

A

9 Dash Line
Spratly and Parcel islands

215
Q

China building in South China Sea

A

Military bases installed on artificial islands made in the Spratly archipelago

216
Q

China harassment

A

South China Sea
Civilian fishing boats and law enforcement

217
Q

What happened to the Damanzaihao/Lafayette?

A

Put on IUU list - fined $800,000 (unpaid)
Detained in 2018 by Peruvian authorities

218
Q

US / subsaharan footprint

A

20X higher than a farmer

219
Q

Vegetarians and land use

A

Same area of land can support 10 vegetarians but 1 meateater

220
Q

Newfoundland Overfishing

A

Fish stocks collapsed in 1992
40,000 out of work

221
Q

Afghanistan mobile phone access

A

81%

222
Q

2016 number of european people smugglers

A

55,000

223
Q

Migrant crisis death event

A

August 2015 - 71 people found dead in unventilated lorry in Vienna

224
Q

When were steam trains invented?

A

1802

225
Q

When did steam ships replace sailing ships?

A

1840s

226
Q

How many refugees entered Europe in 2015?

A

1.3 million

227
Q

Prior to migrant crisis, how many refugees were in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan?

A

4 million

228
Q

What did Germany suspend in 2015?

A

The Dublin Regulation of 1997

229
Q

3 main routes for 2015/16 migration

A

1 - Turkey to Greece
2 - Northern Africa to Italy
3 - Russia to Norway (only 6000)

230
Q

How many drowned in Med during Migrant Crisis?

A

10,000

231
Q

UK vs Germany 2015 refugees

A

UK - 36,000
Germany - 890,000

232
Q

EU-Turkey deal

A

March 2016
For every Syrian returned from Greek islands, EU would accept 1 who waited in Turkey.
Turkey would get 6 billion euros
Turkey visa free travel to Europe

233
Q

How many returned Greek to Turkey?

A

2000

234
Q

Why has it been so difficult to send migrants back to Turkey?

A

Greece courts blocked deportations due to Turkey being deemed an unsafe country.
During COVID, Turkey refused any.

235
Q

Why has it been so difficult to send migrants back to Turkey?

A

Greece courts blocked deportations due to Turkey being deemed an unsafe country.
During COVID, Turkey refused any.

236
Q

Last 10 years immigrants to UK contribution to UK economy?

A

£20 billion

237
Q

What % of NHS is foreign?

A

11%

238
Q

What proportion of UK construction workers are immigrants?

A

1/3

239
Q

What did Friedman argue in 1990?

A

2 nations with a mcdonalds won’t go to war - they are too interlinked. This is false.

240
Q

How much did Estonia GDP shrink due to financial crisis?

A

15%

241
Q

How many social care vacancies in UK?

A

105,000

242
Q

Migration model

A

Lee’s model

243
Q

What is ISDS?

A

Investor state dispute settlement
In many trade deals and IMF loans
Companies have right to sue if government laws affect their profits.

244
Q

French company usage of ISDP

A

Sued Egypt for raising minimum wage

245
Q

Swiss cigarette company use of ISDP

A

Sued uruguay over anti child and pregnant women smoking laws

246
Q

How many countries is coca cola sold in?

A

All but 2

247
Q

Coca cola naughty actions

A

Paid for paramilitary groups to supress unions in Argentina and Colombia

248
Q

What is the main cause of deforestation?

A

Cattle farming
80%

249
Q

How much of Europe’s gas supplies come from Russia?

A

40%

250
Q

China poverty alleviation

A

800 million since 1990
3/4 of the world’s progress

251
Q

2014 Easyjet customers

A

65 million

Geography (7 decks)

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