Glycolysis

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

Sum total of all chemical reactions/processes in a living organism

Question 2

What is catabolism

Answer 2

breaking down to get energy and building blocks for biosyntesis

Question 3

What is anabolism

Answer 3

building up: biosynthesis

Question 4

What is a catabolic pathway?

Answer 4

metabolic pathways that release stored energy

electron transfer plays a large role in this

Question 5

What is a reducing agent?

Answer 5

an electron donor

Question 6

What is an oxidising agent

Answer 6

electron receptor

Question 7

What makes up a nucleotide triphosphate?

Answer 7

nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

Question 8

What does….

ATP

ADP

AMP

stand for?

Answer 8

Adenosine triphosphate

adenosine diphosphate

adenosine monophosphate

Question 9

What does NAD stand for?

Answer 9

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 10

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is found in 2 forms in cells when in __________ form it accepts electrons from another molecule and is therefore ____________

Answer 10

NAD+

Reduced

Question 11

What is a coenzyme/cofactor?

Answer 11

a non protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.

Question 12

When Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is in the NADH form it is in a ______________ state

When Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is in the NAD+ form it is in its ____________ state

Answer 12

reduced state

oxidised

Question 13

NAD+/NADH works with _______________ co-enzymes to catalyse the removal of hydrogen atoms

Answer 13

dehydrogenase

Question 14

What are the three main stages fo cellular respiration?

Answer 14

glycolysis

citric cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 15

What is cellular respiration

Answer 15

The harvesting of energy from glucose in a cumulative finction of three metabooic stages

Question 16

Whare doea glycolysis take place?

Answer 16

cytoplasm

Question 17

Where does the krebs cycle take place

Answer 17

mitochondrial matrix

Question 18

Where does pxidative phosphorylation take place?

Answer 18

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 19

What is glycolysis?

Answer 19

harvesting chemical energy by oxididising glucose to pyruvate

Question 20

What molecules are produced during glycolysis?

Answer 20

ATP, Pyruvate and NADH

Question 21

What are the two major phases of glycolysis?

Answer 21

Energy investment phase

Energy payoff phase

Question 22

How many steps make uo glycolysis?

Answer 22

10

Question 23

How many steps are in the energy investment phase of glycolysis? `

Answer 23

5

Question 24

How many steps are in the energy payoff phase?

Answer 24

5

Question 25

What enxyme is used in the first stage of glycolysis?

Answer 25

hexokinase

Question 26

What enzyme is used in the second stage of glycolysis? `

Answer 26

phosphoglucoisomerase

Question 27

What enzyme is used in the third stage of glycolysis?

Answer 27

phosphofrukinase

Question 28

What enzyme is used in the 4th stage of glycolysis?

Answer 28

adolase

Question 29

what enzyme is used in the 5th stage of glycolysis?

Answer 29

isomerase

Question 30

What enzymes are used in the investment stage of glycolysis?

Answer 30

hexokinase phosphoglucoisomerase phosphofrukinase adolase isomerase

Question 31

In order what are the molecules in the investment stage of glycolysis?

Answer 31

glucose glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate fructose- 1,6-biphosphate glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate ⇔ dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 32

How many molecules of ATP are used in the investment stage of glycolysis?

Answer 32

2

Question 33

Whta happens in the first step of glycolysis? What is the chemical reaction?

Answer 33

The enzyme hexokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to glusose glucose + ATP ⇒ Glucose-6- phosphate + ADP

Question 34

What happens in the second stage of glycolysis?

Answer 34

phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose6-phosphate into its isomer fructose - 6 - phosphate

Question 35

what hppens in stage three of glycolysis? What is the chemical reactin?

Answer 35

The enzyme phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to the the 1' carbon on the fructose-6-phosphate fructose-6 phosphate + ATP ⇒ Fructose-1,6,biphosphate + ADP

Question 36

What happens in stage 4 of glycooysis?

Answer 36

The enzyme aldolase splits fructose-1,6-diphosphate into 2 carbons sugars 1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 2. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Question 37

What does G3P stand for?

Answer 37

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 38

What does DHAP stand for?

Answer 38

Dihydroxyacetonephosphate

Question 39

what happens in the 5th stage of glycolysis?

Answer 39

The isomerase enzyme facilitaes the rapid conversion between glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dehydroxyacetone phosphate. The G3P is used as soon as it forms in the next stage of glycolysis.

Question 40

How many: NAD+ ADP molecules are used in the payoff phase of glycolysis?

Answer 40

2x NAD+ 4x ADP

Question 41

How many ATP are produced in the payoff stage of glycolysis?

Answer 41

4 ATP

Question 42

How many NADH molecules are produced in the payoff stage of glycolysis?

Answer 42

2 NADH

Question 43

How many water molecules are produced in the payoff stage of glycolysis?

Answer 43

2 water molecules

Question 44

What enzymes are involved in the payoff stage of glycolysis?

Answer 44

triosephosphate dehydrogenase phosphoglycerokinase phosphoglyceromutase Enolase Pyruvate Kinase

Question 45

What enzyme is involved in the 6th stage of glycolysis?

Answer 45

triose phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 46

What enzyme is involved in the 7th stage of glycolysis?

Answer 46

phosphoglycerokinase

Question 47

What enzyme is involved in the 8th stage of glycolysis?

Answer 47

phosphoglyceromutase

Question 48

What enzyme is invovled in the 9th stage of glycolysis?

Answer 48

Enolase

Question 49

What enzyme is involved in the 10th stage of glycolysis?

Answer 49

pyrivate kinase

Question 50

What happens in the 6th stage of lgycolysis? what is the chemical reaction?

Answer 50

G3P is oxidised, a phosphate group is attached to the oxidised G3P, forming 1,3-biphosphogklycerate 2 glyceraldehdye-3-phosphate + 2 NAD ⇒ 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate + 2 NADH

Question 51

What happens in the 7th stage of glycolysis? what is the chemical reaction?

Answer 51

The enzyme phosophoglycerokinase transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to the ADP. The carbonyl group has been oxidised to a carboxyl group of an organic acid 3-phosphoglycerate 2 1,3,-biphosphoglycerate + 2 ADP ⇒ 2 3-phospho-glycerate + 2 ATP

Question 52

What happens in step 8 of glycolysis?

Answer 52

The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the phosphate from the 3' to the 2' carbon. Creating 2-phosphogylcerate

Question 53

What is a Mutase?

Answer 53

an enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the shifting of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule

Question 54

What happens in step 9 of glycolysis? What is the chemical equation?

Answer 54

The enzyme enolase extracts a water molecule and causes a new double bond to form, producing the high energy compound phosphoenolpyruvate. (PEP) 3-phosphoglycerate ⇒ H2O + phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Question 55

What does PEP stand for?

Answer 55

phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 56

What is Enolase?

Answer 56

phosphopyruvate hydratase, which is a metalloenzyme, which creates a metal ion.

Question 57

What happens in the 10th stage of glycolysis? What is the chemical equation?

Answer 57

The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, resulting in the formation of ATP and pyruvate. phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP ⇒ pyruvate + ATP

Question 58

What percentage of ATP is generated by cellualar respiration is generated from oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 58

90%

Question 59

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Answer 59

Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP or GTP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to ADP or GDP from another phosphorylated compound.

Question 60

What is the NET production of molecules at the end of glycolysis?

Answer 60

2 pyruvate 2 H2O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2H+

Question 61

2 nad + 4 ________ + 4 _______ ⇒ 2 NADH + 2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 61

2 nad + 4 e^- + 4 H⁺ ⇒ 2 NADH + 2 H⁺

Question 62

If there is no need for ATP in the cell then _________ can be stored upon conversion to fat.

Answer 62

dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Question 63

The balance between _______ and ________ is important in regulating overall cell metabolism

Answer 63

The balance between glyceraldehyde-3phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is important in regulating overall cell metabolism

Question 64

The mitochondria matrix contains?

Answer 64

DNA Transcription/Translation enzymes ß-oxidation enzymes gluconeogenesis enzymes

Question 65

The pyruvate enters the mitochonria via ____________ transport, against the __________ gradient.

Answer 65

active concentration