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Endocrine > Gonads > Flashcards

Gonads Flashcards

1
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last for

A

28 days

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2
Q

when is ovulation usually

A

day 14

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3
Q

when does the follicular phase start

A

when oestrogen is low - causes the anterior pituitary to secrete FHS and LH

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4
Q

What does FSH and LH do

A

stimulates the follicle to develop

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5
Q

When the follicle develops what happens

A

granulosa cells around the egg enlarge and release oestrogen

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6
Q

What does oestrogen do to the uterus

A

thickens the uterine lining

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7
Q

When does ovulation occur

A

when there is a surge of LH

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8
Q

The follicles grow at least 20mm in size. what do they secrete

A

estradiol

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9
Q

when the oocyte is released, what happens next

A

several enzymes and prostaglandins activate and digest the the follicle wall collagen

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10
Q

When the follicle wall collagen is digested, what does this cause

A

the follicle to rupture releasing the ova into the fallopian tubes

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11
Q

When does the luteal phase start

A

after ovulation

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12
Q

What happens to the remaining granulosa cells after ovulation

A

they turn yellow

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13
Q

What are the yellow granulosa cells called

A

corpus luteum

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14
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete

A

progesterone

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15
Q

When progesterone gets to its peak, what 2 things can occur

A

corpus luteum either remains preserved by hormones from new embryo
or disintegrates

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16
Q

When the corpus luteum disintegrates what happens

A

progesterone starts to decrease

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17
Q

What happens when progesterone levels get too low

A

the uterine lining detaches causing menstruation

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18
Q

what is menses

A

the period

19
Q

What stimulates the release of FSH and LH

A

arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus produced GnRH to stimulate them

20
Q

What is the ovary attached to the pelvic sidewall by

A

IP ligament

21
Q

What are the 2 part of the ovary called

A

cortex

medulla

22
Q

what part of the ovary contains the follicles

A

cortex

23
Q

What are the layers of the uterus from inside to out

A

endometrium - basal and superficial layers
myometrium
perimetrium

24
Q

GnRH is released in a pulsatile manner, how many types are there

A

3

GnRH1 is responsible for repro function

25
Q

what does FSH do

A

responsible for recruiting dominant follicle
granulosa cell growth
activates aromatase activity

26
Q

What does LH act on

A

theca cells- causes uptake of cholesterol and changes androgen to oestrogen

27
Q

what does oestrogen do

A

acts synergistically with FSH

induces FSH and LH receptors

28
Q

what does inhibin do

A

negative feedback on FSH secretion

locally enhances LH androstenedione production

29
Q

What does activin do

A

stimulates FSH induced oestrogen production

30
Q

what do sertoli cells do in the testis

A

support germ cells in development

31
Q

What do germ cells do

A

make spermatogonia = primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, testicular spermatozoa

32
Q

Where is the site of fertilisation

A

ampulla

33
Q

what happens in pre-fertilisation

A

cervical mucous becomes thin
muscular contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes
fimbiral end comes into contact wth ovary
peristaltic movement brings egg to ampulla

34
Q

what is capacitation

A

an acrosome reaction where the sperm has to be changed to be able to penetrate the egg

35
Q

Where does capacitation occur

A

in the female genital tract

36
Q

When the sperm makes contact with the egg in fertilisation - what increases

A

intracellular calcium

37
Q

The nuclei fuse to form what

A

diploid zygote

38
Q

most sperm are degenerate and absorbed by the female genital tract - true/false

A

true
about 400-600million deposited in ejaculation
only about 200 sperm reach fertilisation site

39
Q

What is oligomenorrhoea

A

reduction in frequency of periods to <9 per year

40
Q

what is primary amenorrhoea

A

failure of menarche by age 16

41
Q

What is secondary amenorrhoea

A

cessation of periods for >6 months in someone who previously menstruated

42
Q

What are primary causes of secondary amenorrhoea

A

Turners

Kallman’s

43
Q

What are the secondary causes of secondary amenorrhoea

A

ovary problem- PCOS
- premature ovarian failure

uterine problem - uterine adhesions

hypothalamic dysfunction - weight loss

  • over exercise
  • stress
  • infiltrative

pituitary - high PRL
- hypopituitarism

Endocrine (4 decks)

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