gov and rulers

Question 1

what were the six ministries under Qing

Answer 1

Personnel, Revenue, Rites, War, Works, Punishments

Question 2

what was the regional gov like under the Qing

Answer 2

18 provinces, each governed by a governor or a governor general. Each district magistrate had under him 1/4 million people

Question 3

what was the hundred-and-tithing system 1839

Answer 3

a community based system (part of the broader baojia system) of law enforcement and civil control which involved registration of all household and reporting of strangers

Question 4

what was the purpose of the sacred edict and who issued it

Answer 4

a set of 16 maxims by Kangxi emperor to instruct the citizen on confucian orthodoxy, publicly posted and read aloud twice a month

Question 5

what was the key advisory body under qing?

Answer 5

the grand council, located in the forbidden city of

Question 6

what was the key advisory body under the qing

Answer 6

the grand council, located in the forbidden city

Question 7

what was the aim of wuxu reforms

Answer 7

self strengthening through innovation with both constitutional and ideological change

Question 8

how long did the wuxi reforms last and who were they led by

Answer 8

103 days, led the Guangxu Emperor and Kant Youwen

Question 9

what were the key wuxu reforms

Answer 9

• abolishing traditional exams
• establishing agricultural colleges and trade schools for traditional crafts in all provinces
• modernise the army with western training and naval academy
• remove sinecures

Question 10

what was the aim of the late qing reforms

Answer 10

strengthening the qing to keep it in power, implemented with the backing of cixi

Question 11

what were the key late qing reforms

Answer 11

• abolish traditional exams, modern school diploma for entry into civil service
• chambers of commerce in provinces and major cities
• military reorganisation: central training command established, the Beiyang army reorganised into a New Army, new military academies in each province
• western curriculum schools set up in all areas (52000 established by 1909)
• remove sinecures, modern ministries established, commission to study constitutional government
• supreme court established
• representative assemblies at local provinces and national levels

Question 12

what were the new institutions introduced by Yuan Shikai?

Answer 12

Republic set up with a provisional constitution, independent judiciary, national assembly (elected legislative body) and the president

Question 13

what was yuan shikai’s method for consolidating power?

Answer 13

permanent suspension of parliament in 1913, outlawing opposition parties ( ban of the GMD in 1913), abolishing regional assemblies, centralising tax revenue

Question 14

what did the constitutional compact of 1914 achieve?

Answer 14

formalised yuan shikai’s autocratic power while mantaining a facade of civilian rule: effectively replaced China’s provisional constitution. The new legal status quo gave Yuan, as president, practically unlimited powers over China’s military, finances, foreign policy, and the rights of China’s citizens.

Question 15

during the warlord period, how many heads of state did china had and how long did they last?

Answer 15

more than 7 heads of state, not counting one imperial restoration and several brief periods of regency. 25 cabinets tumbled, each marked by dissension, with an average lifespan of 4 months

Question 16

how much tax revenue did yuan shikai collect compared to what was due?

Answer 16

5%

Question 17

what were the methods of control like under the warlords?

Answer 17

personal armies were the main source of power - the largest warlords controlled over 100 000 troops, recruited through conscription, mercenaries or detections, with banditry and looting as tactics for sustaining armies

Question 18

what was the people’s national council (Nanjing decade)

Answer 18

created in 1938 and expanded in 1941 as the number of members increased to 240 (with 102 elected)

Question 19

what were elections like during the Nanjing decade

Answer 19

regular, most of the villages in the north held an election every year: in manchuria elections were held in 54/58 districts by a total of 165 organisations

Question 20

what did Jiang Jieshi’s permanent constitution establish (1938)

Answer 20

protection of liberty, freedom of speech, religion and assembly and political rights, including suffrage

Question 21

what were sun yatsen’s three people’s principle

Answer 21

nationalism (independence from the qing and foreign powers), democracy and livelihood of the people

Question 23

what stage of development did Jiang believe China was in

Answer 23

intermediate tutelage stage - GMD dominance education people in political knowledge and values

Question 24

what was the blue shirt secret police force

Answer 24

1800 agents working for Dai Li, free to arrest and hold suspects indefinitely without having to bring change

Question 25

who were the blue shirts modelled after

Answer 25

Hitler’s Gestapo

Question 26

What was the aim of New Life Movement

Answer 26

promote Neo-Confucian social morality and unite China under centralised ideology

Question 27

what were the 4 virtues promoted by the New Life Movement

Answer 27

proper rite, justice, honesty and cleanliness and shame (distinguishing right from wrong)

Question 28

what were the key institutions under Mao

Answer 28

Politburo (inner core of CCP of around 20 people), National People’s Congress, Central Government’s Council (56 leaders)

Question 29

How was the regional government divided under Mao

Answer 29

6 regions, each governed by 4 officials, including Chairman, party secretary, military commander and political commissar

Question 30

what is the core idea of the Marxist-Leninist Ideology?

Answer 30

a party organised according to democratic centralism would seize power and establish dictatorship of the proletariat, where power rest within people (two stage revolution)

Question 31

what was the registration system under Mao

Answer 31

The danwei (job permit), the hukoi (accommodation) and the dangan ( a dossier which provided a right to emplacement, housing and food pension)

Question 32

what was the registration system like under Mao

Answer 32

The danwei (job permit), the hukoi (accommodation) and the dangan ( a dossier which provided a right to emplacement, housing and food pension)

Question 33

what was the target of three antis campaign (1951)

Answer 33

corruption, waste and bureaucracy

Question 34

what was the three anti campaign expanded to?

Answer 34

five antis in 1952: bribery, theft of government property, tax evasion, cheating on gov. contracts and stealing of intelligence

Question 35

what was the slogan of the hundred flowers campaign?

Answer 35

let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools of thought contend

Question 36

what was the impact of the anti-rightist campaign (1957)

Answer 36

many sent to labour camps and detained up to 20 years, 500-700 000 affected

Question 37

what 1982 constitution reforms aimed to prevent concentration of power?

Answer 37

position of party chairman abolished, president and vice president revised, limit of 2 terms imposed

Question 38

what were the Four Bigs that were removed?

Answer 38

right to speak freely, air views openly, hold great debates and post big character posters

Question 39

what power did the national people’s congress gain in 1988

Answer 39

to question leading officials, with non CCP parties allowed from 1988

Question 40

what were the changes Deng made to the Politburo

Answer 40

restored as a supreme decision making body and increased in size

Question 41

what were the electoral law changes post 1982

Answer 41

district elections with secret ballot, more nominees than seats, limited multi party competition

Question 42

what were the four cardinal principles

Answer 42

upholding the communist path, leadership of the CCP, Mao Zedong Thought and Marxism-Leninism, people’s democratic dictatorship

Question 43

How did the CCP respond after the Tiananmen square massacre

Answer 43

1.5 year purge targeting those sympathetic to demonstrations with 30 000 offices deployed to suppress tendencies to bourgeois liberation

Question 44

What was the aim Jiang Jieshi's Northern expedition?

Answer 44

Re-unify China, which became fragmented in the aftermath of the 1911 revolution

Question 45

How successful was Jiang Jieshi's Northern Expedition?

Answer 45

Very successful, captured most of eastern and central China under the GMD control, including Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan and Hebei. Beijing was renamed Beiping (Northern peace) and incorporated under GMD governance.

Question 46

What was the political geography like by 1936?

Answer 46

The KMT-controlled central government was based in Nanjing. Manchuria was lost to Japan in 1931, forming Manchukuo. The Communists retreated to Jiangxi Soviet and later to Yanan (after the Long March, 1934–35). Western regions like Xinjiang, Tibet, and Qinghai were semi-autonomous or under local warlords nominally loyal to the GMD.

Question 47

Name an example of Japanese used puppet government during the Japanese occupation (1931-1945)

Answer 47

Reorganized National Government of China in Nanjing under Wang Jingwei)

Question 48

Which major cities and provinces did Japanese occupy from 1937 to 1945?

Answer 48

Coastal provinces: Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian Major cities: Beijing, Tianjin, Nanjing, Shanghai Interior regions: Wuhan, Changsha, Guangzhou

Question 49

How much did the Japanese control at peak of their occupation in 1930s and 1940s?

Answer 49

About 40% of China's population

Question 50

What was the geographical control of the Qing government?

Answer 50

Controlled most of modern-day China, Inner and Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Taiwan (until 1895), and Manchuria. Total area: Approx. 13 million km² at peak.

Question 51

Which territories did the Qing loose to foreigners?

Answer 51

Hong Kong, Taiwan, Kowloon, and Port Arthur, further disintegrated with the scramble for concessions in 1890s

Question 52

What was the geographical control of the PRC?

Answer 52

Controlled mainland China (except for Taiwan and outlying islands held by ROC). Area: approx. 9.6 million km²

Question 53

When did the PRC annex Tibet and through which agreement?

Answer 53

1950-51, through 17 Point-Agreement

Question 54

When was the Tibetan Uprising?

Answer 54

1959

Question 55

What were the consequences of the Tibetan uprising?

Answer 55

Dalai Lama fled to India and formed a government-in-exile and Tibet formally integrated as an “autonomous region.”