Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psycholgy > Grade 11, Unit 1 (Topic 1,2,3) > Flashcards

Grade 11, Unit 1 (Topic 1,2,3) Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the researcher that believed in Monism?

A

Claudius Galen, 130-210 CE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who was the researcher that believed in Dualism?

A

Rene Descartes, 1619

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Monism?

A

Monism is the belief proposed by Claudius Galen from 130-210 CE that stated the mind controls (is apart of) the body due to how humans have the ability to form judgements based on their existence and that mental processes can be purely identified with physical processes in the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Dualism?

A

Dualism is the belief proposed by Rene Descartes in 1619 that stated the body and mind are separate entities as the relationship between the body and mind is unidirectional as the mind controls the body but the body can influence the otherwise rational mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define trephination

A

Trephination is a surgical intervention where a hole is drilled, incised or scraped into the skull using simple surgical tools and has been used to treat intracranial diseases, epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders by relieving pressure by exposing dura matter underneath the skull without causing damage to underlying blood vessels, meninges and brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain Phrenology

A

The study of Phrenology proposed by Franz Gall in 1796 suggested that personality was linked to brain structures. Examination of the lumps, bumps and indentations of the skull could determine a person’s character, intelligence and a range of other area”s responsible for a variety of behaviours and functions. Phrenology however was discredited and labelled pseudoscience is the 1840’s due to the lack of experimental evidence to support such claims.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many brain organs did Franz Gall believe existed?

A

27 organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Discuss the contributions to psychology by Pierre Flourens?

A

In 1867, Pierre Flourens proposed the conclusion that the degree of any disorder seemed to depend on the quintuplet of cerebral tissue removed, regardless of its location. Founder of Experimental brain science, localised living area of the brain in animals and would observe effects on behaviour and cognition. He found that main functions were responsible for different functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain what a PET scan is

A

Positron Emission Tomography is a neuro-imaging technique that reveals the functioning and activity of organs and tissues within the brain. This technique involves injecting a radioactive dye that contain radioactive tracers that provide a 3D image of the activity within the brain. This imagine technique shows the concentration and location of activity through colour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain what an MRI scan is

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a neuro-imaging technique that shows highly detailed, images. They do not show the activity or functioning of the area only photographs of anatomical structure. The magnetic field causes the alignment and movement of hydrogen protons present within the body which emits signals. The signals are received by antenna and generated into photographs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain what a FMRI scan is

A

Functioning magnetic resonance imaging measures brain activity by dealing with changes associated with blood flow. A FMRI Scan,
Is similar to a MRI scan however shows the function and activity of areas of the brain instead of a photograph. A MRI scans image anatomical structure whereas FMRI scans metabolic function within the anatomical structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain what an EEG scan is

A

An EEG refers to electroencephalogram and measures electrical activity within the brain via electrodes applied to the scalp. It can be used to diagnose epilepsy, brain haemorrhage, strokes, Alzheimer’s disease and disorders of the nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of the Temporal lobe?

A

The temporal lobe is involved in primary auditory perception and is responsible for interpreting auditory sensory information such as hearing, language recognition and holds the primary auditory cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of the Frontal Lobe?

A

The frontal lobe is generally where higher executive functions take place including problem solving, decision making, emotional regulation, planning and reasoning occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of the Occipital Lobe.

A

The occipital lobe holds the primary visual cortex and integrates visual sensory Information to interpret depth, location, facial and object recognition, distance and size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of the Parietal Lobe?

A

The parietal lobe is responsible for integrating sensory information such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain and also Spatial awareness sensation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the human nervous system and it’s sub branches.

A

The nervous system is a highly complex system that coordinates an organisms movements as result of transmitting impulses from sensory Neuron’s, inter Neuron’s and motor Neuron’s.
Nervous system —> CNS (brain and spinal cord) & PNS (—> somatic and automatic system, automatic —> into parasympathetic and sympathetic systems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two roles of the peripheral NS?

A
  1. Sensory nerves conveys impulses towards CNS. They send sensations that are detected by sensory Nerves.
  2. Motor neurones send impulses away from CNS to the body’s effector organs.

Eg: hotplate Reflex arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of the somatic system

A

The somatic system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles (striated ans striped). Motor Neuron’s communicate messages from the CNS particular muscles.

Eg. Walking, running (physical movements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of the autonatic system?

A

The automatic nervous systems control voluntary movements of non-skeletal muscles (visceral and smooth). It carries out basic bodily functions such as breathing, heartbeat and digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain the parasympathetic nervous system

A

The parasympathetic nervous system controls the ‘freeze’ response which is activated one when is aware they cannot outrun or fight a threatening stimulus. Additionally it is responsible for homeostasis and calming the body after stress reactions.
Eg. Slows heartbeat, and lowers blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system

A

The sympathetic nervous system becomes active when the organism is threatening and prepares the body for the ‘flight or fight’ response. It initiated arousal.

Eg. Pupils dilate and blood pressure increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are glial cells and their functions

A

Glial cells are supportive cells In the CNS and PNS that like unlike neurones, they do not conduct electrical impulses and their function is to surround Neuron’s and hold them in place; to provide nutrients and oxygen for neurones; to insulate Neuron’s and remove dead neurones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are afferent and efferent pathways

A

Afferent pathways are receptor cells to CNS

Efferent pathways are CNS to effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What regions of the brain are included in the forebrain?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What regions of the brain are included in the hindbrain?

A

Pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the midbrain

A

Uppermost brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the pons, medulla oblongata & cerebellum do

Where are they on the brain

A

Pons - controls eye movement, swallowing, sleep, respiration, and other bodily actions. (under midbrain)

Medulla oblongata - regulated breathing, heat rate, digestion (left and lower than pons)

Cerebellum - controls voluntary movement: balance, posture, coordination and speech (under brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the midbrain do

A

Serves function in motor movement, particularly the eye, in auditory and visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the thalamus, hypothalamus and cerebrum do?

A

Thalamus - relays all sensory information to the cerebrum cortex
Sensory information is detected the bodies surface and is communicated to the thalamus which receives it as a sensation. Then it conveys this sensation to the cerebrum cortex which determined whether its pressure, pain, touch or temp.

Hypothalamus
-maintains homeostasis, regulates sleep, produces releasing or inhibiting hormones and reliable for fighting, fleeing, feeding and fornication.

Cerebrum

  • connects all parts of the brain
  • motor movements, emotions, memory, intelligence and speech
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Explain the role of frontal lobe

A

The frontal lobe is generally where higher cognitive thinking takes place including problem solving, speech, decision making, emotional regulation, planning and reasoning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Explain the role of the parietal lobe

A

The parietal lobe integrates sensory information such as touch, taste, pressure, pain and temperature and spatial awareness sensation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Explain the role of the temporal lobe

A

The temporal lobe holds the primary auditory cortex and and is responsible for interpreting sounds and speech recognition.

34
Q

Explain the role of the occipital lobe

A

The occipital lobe holds the primary visual cortex and interprets depth, facial and object recognition, location, size, and distance.

35
Q

Explain the role of reticular formation in daily life.

A

Reticular formation is responsible for the coordination and integration of motor and sensory movement in daily life, while also controlling one’s visceral non-skeletal muscles and mediating one’s level of consciousness or alertness.

36
Q

What is the role of Broca’s area?

A

Broca’s area is responsible for the production of speech.

37
Q

What is the role of Wernicke’s area?

A

Wernicke’s area is responsible for the comprehension and understanding of speech and language.

38
Q

What is the role of Geschwind’s territory?

A

Geschwind’s Territory is a series of nerve fibres that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area.

39
Q

What’s the difference between psychology, psychiatry and social work?

A

Social workers - provides humanitarian need for individuals such as food, housing or security while liaison with many different organisations to help individuals who may be struggling emotionally, physically, psychologically or socially. Social workers studies for 3 years of psychology and require a bachelors degree while works in the community is Settings such as schools or Pfingsten health organisations and cannot Diagnose or administer mental health treatment or medication.

A psychologist studies for 6 years and acquired a bachelor, masters and honours level of education while works in a large range of fields such as forensic, education or organisational ect. Psychologist can conduct cognitive testing, and provide diagnosis and treatment for mental disorders but cannot prescribe medication.

A psychiatrist studies for 6 years plus is medical specialist as they go through medical school and speciality training. A psychiatrist typically works in private health practises or hospitals while assesses biological factors influencing mental health and can diagnose conditions and prescribe medication.

40
Q

Explain freewill vs determinism

A

Determine proposes all behaviour is determined by external and internal forces and thus is unpredictable. External determinism refers to the social or physical factors influencing behaviour such as social media, parental influence or school. While internal determinism takes a biological approach and states human behaviour is governed by genetic inheritance and genes.

Freewill takes the opposite approach and states that humans are self-determined and have some choice in actions, choices and assumes that humans are free to choose their behaviour.

41
Q

Explain the nature vs nurture debate

A

Nature is the point of view that suggests a human’s behaviour is pre-determined by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. On the contrary, Nurture suggests a humans behavioural aspects are based on environmental conditioning such as one’s physical surrounding and social or cultural upbringing.

Eg. Nature - twin studies
Eg. Nurture - studies have shown how well parents read to them show how well one can read later in life.

42
Q

List the scientific methods steps

A
  1. Form a research question
  2. Form hypothesis (must be testable, positive and falsifiable)
  3. Design method
  4. Collect data
  5. Analysis and process results
  6. Report findings
  7. Refine and formulate
43
Q

Define Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of the brain to modify and form new neural pathways in response to environmental stimulation.

44
Q

What are the two types of Neuroplasticity?

A

Developmental and adaptive plasticity

45
Q

Define adaptive plasticity

A

Adaptive plasticity is where the brain can change and develop as a result of new learning and experience.

46
Q

Define developmental plasticity

A

Developmental plasticity is the development and consolidation of neural pathways in infants, children and adolescents.

47
Q

What are the five stages of developmental plasticity?

A
  1. Proliferation
  2. Migration
  3. Circuit formation (synaptic genesis)
  4. Synaptic pruning
  5. Myelination
48
Q

Explain the proliferation

A

The first stage of developmental plasticity which the cells of foetus divide and multiply.

49
Q

Explain migration

A

The movement of newly formed Neuron’s to their destined location.

50
Q

Explain synaptic genesis (circuit formation)

A

The axons of new Neuron’s grow out to target cells and form new synapses.

51
Q

Explain synaptic pruning

A

Excess Neuron’s and synapses as well as weak connections are eliminated.

52
Q

Explain myelination

A

The formation over myelin over the Neuron’s. Final stage before the brain is fully matured.

53
Q

What are the four key regions of the brain that undergo change during adolescence?

A

Pre-frontal cortex
Amygdala
Corpus callosum
Cerebellum

54
Q

What happens to the pre-frontal cortex during adolescence?

A

An increase in myelination occurs in the pre-frontal cortex while synaptic pruning occurs as excess or useless synapses and Neuron’s are removed to help other connections stranger and more efficient.

55
Q

What happens to the amygdala during adolescence?

A

The amygdala becomes more active. As the pre-frontal cortex is still developing, the amygdala is relied on more heavily during adolescence. As the amygdala is associated with emotions, impulses and instinctive behaviour, it explains why teenagers are more likely to make impulsive or irresponsible decisions or are moody.

56
Q

Explain what happens to the corpus callosum during adolescence?

A

Thickens and increases the number of connection between the two hemispheres.

57
Q

What happens to the cerebellum during adolescence?

A

Increase in number the synapses and Neuron’s.

58
Q

Define Synesthesia?

A

Is a condition that causes the brain to simultaneously process multiple senses.
Eg. A person may hear sounds and see colours.

59
Q

Define as stroke

A

Is a sudden onset cerebrovascular disease.

Symptoms: aphasia (language difficulties), spatial neglect, amnesia.

60
Q

Define anosognosia

A

A contralateral disorder in which the person affected systematically ignores all stimuli on one side of their body.
Eg. Can only see half of a plate of food.

61
Q

Define phantom limb

A

Phantom limb is a condition where amputees continue to feel the vivid presence of limbs they have lost.

62
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

What is the affected area?

A

People with this disorder have difficulty expressing and pronouncing words or sentences but the ability to understand Witten and spoken language is largely unaffected.
Left frontal lobe near motor cortex.

63
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

What is the affected area?

A

People with this condition have difficulty understanding written and spoken language and expressing words and sentences that makes sense to others.
Left temporal lobe near the parietal lobe.

64
Q

Define maturation

A

Maturation is the genetically programmed process that governs biological growth.

65
Q

Define sensitive periods

A

Sensitive periods refer to optimal periods of particular capacities to emerge, and when children are particularly sensitive to environmental influences.

66
Q

Define a critical period

A

A critical period is a finite period in development when certain kinds of environmental stimuli are compulsory for development of a particular ability.
Eg. Certain areas of the visual cortex are only capable of synapse development at an early stage of development and once this critical window is closed the individual will likely be visually impaired.

67
Q

Summarise then Rosenzweig experiment

A

Results of rats placed in an enriched environment:

  • cerebral cortex was thicker and heavier
  • synapses were 50% larger
  • larger Neuron’s
  • increased activity of an enzyme involved in memory
68
Q

Define experience-expectant

A

Experience expectant describes normal generalised development of neural connections that occur due to common experiences that all humans experience in a normal environment.
Eg. Visual, auditory stimuli.

69
Q

Define experience dependent

A

Experience dependent refers to the way in which unique or individual experiences contribute to brain growth and refine existing brain structures.

Eg. Socio-emotional, language and other higher cognitive functions.

70
Q

Explain Pierre Flourens contribution to society

A

In 1867, Pierre Flourens proposed the conclusion that the degree of any disorder seemed to depend on the quintuplet of cerebral tissue removed, regardless of its location. Flourens showed how the cerebellum controlled motor control and balance while localised areas of the animal brain and observed the effects on behaviour and cognition. He reported that the medulla was responsible for vital functions, such as circulation and respiration.

71
Q

Define attachment and what behaviours is it characterised by?

A

Attachment is the deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another.

  • does not have to be reciprocal
  • characterised by behaviours in children (such as seeking proximity with atchment figure when upset or threatened)
72
Q

What was Konrad Lorez’ influence to psychology?

A

Investigated the mechanisms of imprinting, where some species of animals form an attachment to the first moving object they see. -suggested that the attachment is innate and programmed genetically.
- experimented on geese.

73
Q

What was Harry Harlow’s contribution to psychology?

A

Focused on the attachment of Rhesus Monkey’s by separating newly born monkeys from their mothers to investigate if they preferred comfort or food.

  • supports evolutionary theory of attachment
  • concluded it was essential to have social development during critical periods.
74
Q

What was John bowlby’s influence to psychology?

What were the types of attachment?

A

Believed attachment occurs in the first year of a child’s life, and that the reactions and behaviours of the care giver are crucial.

Believed attachment behaviour are instinctive & are activated by any conditions that seem to threaten the achievement of proximity, such as separation, insecurity, fear.

  1. Secure attachment
  2. Anxious attachment
  3. Avoidant attachment

Believed this occurred first few years of life but could be jeopardised later in life. (Eg, harmful relationships)

75
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Conducted the ‘strange situation’ experiment which allowed Ainsworth to measure infant attatchment by having infants experience a sequence of events including separations and reunions with their mother and the introduction of an adult stranger.

76
Q

What was a limitation of Mary Ainsworth ‘strange situation’ experiment?

A

This experiment was involved a large population of western culture and wasn’t representative of different cultures. Later when the experiment was conducted on other population it was shown western populations were different to other cultures.

77
Q

What was the aim of the strange situation experiment?

A

To show that traits that suggested types of attachment could be identities early in life.

78
Q

What are Wilder Penfield’s contributions to society?

A

Wilder Penfield 1891, was the Pioneer of brain surgery that mapped the brain, showing which parts of it are associated with functions such as body movements, different senses and speech.

79
Q

Define enriched environments

A

An enriched environment is one which provides social and physical stimulation. This leads to higher rates of synaptic genesis and dendrite growth, resulting in increase brain capacity.

80
Q

Define deprived conditions

A

Deprived conditions are those which lack brain stimulation and social interaction leading to delayed and/or impaired cognitive development.

Psycholgy (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions