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Microbiology > Gram Positive Organisms > Flashcards

Gram Positive Organisms Flashcards

0
Q

Why is staphylococcus resistant to the environment?

A

Can withstand drying, increased salt, can be inactive in dried pus, easily spread

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1
Q

Is staphylococcus resistant in environments?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What can staphylococcus survive in for extended periods of time?

A

Dried pus, boils, and skin

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3
Q

When is staphylococci less susceptible to antimicrobials?

A

When it is inactive

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4
Q

How does one treat a staphylococcal infection?

A

Debridement and draining of necrotic tissue so antimicrobials can reach the organism

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5
Q

What are two different types of staphylococcus?

A

Coagulase positive and negative

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6
Q

What is Coagulase positive staph?

A

Can clot plasma, is invasive and grouped with pneumococci and strepticocci

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7
Q

Coagulase + is pyogenic, what does that mean?

A

Causes pus forming infections from the white blood cells going to infected area and causing swelling and exudate

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8
Q

What are four types of toxins produced from Coagulase + staph?

A

Hyaluronidase, enterotoxins, hemolysins, leukocydines

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9
Q

What does hyaluronidase do?

A

Dissolves tissues, aids in the spread of bacteria

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10
Q

What do some Coagulase + staph produce?

A

Capsules to resist phagocytosis

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11
Q

How many kinda of coagulase - are there?

A

27 kinds, mostly commensuals

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12
Q

What is staphylococcus aureus?

A

Skin infection (cellulitis, boils, impetigo)

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13
Q

What are three types of skin infections caused by S. Aureus?

A

Cellulitis, boils, impetigo

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14
Q

What are five diseases/infections S. aureus can cause?

A

Skin infections, toxic shock syndrome, acute bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, food poisoning

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15
Q

What is toxic shock syndrome caused by (1) and symptoms? (4$

A

Caused by TSST-1, fever, shock, death, septicemia

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16
Q

What is acute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Results in rapid destruction of the heart valves

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17
Q

What is S. Food poisoning?

A

Food borne intoxication

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18
Q

What is S. Food poisoning caused by?

A

Caused by the overgrowth of bacteria on food leading to the production of a toxin that causes illness

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19
Q

What are the symptoms in humans of s. Food poisoning? (4)

A

Onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea

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20
Q

What are the symptoms in animals for s. Food poisoning 2

A

They are sub clinical, mastitis in cows and fatal infections in rabbits

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21
Q

What is the incubation period for S. Food poisoning?

A

30min to 8 hours

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22
Q

What is S. Hyicus?

A

Exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease)

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23
Q

What type of staphylococcus are commensuals but if found in the the blood are an infection (septicemia) however often mistaken for contamination?

A

S. Epidermitis and S. Saprophyticus

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24
Q

What two staph are used in fermented meats and dried fish and soy sauce and have recently found to produce enterotoxins?

A

S. Saprophyticus and a. Carnosus

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25
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Multiple drug resistant S. aureus and is a nosocomial pathogen

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26
Q

What is the reservoir for MRSA?

A

Health care providers

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27
Q

What are three ways of transportation of MRSA?

A

Skin contact, contaminated instruments/equipment and environment

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of MRSA? 5

A

Localized pustules, boils, inflammation, exudate, drainage

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29
Q

What are two symptoms that MRSA has gone systemic?

A

Pneumonia, septicemia

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30
Q

How do you treat MRSA?

A

Drain, culture and use correct antibiotic

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31
Q

How would you prevent MRSA? 2

A

Personal protective equipment and proper sanitation

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32
Q

What should be included in personal protective equipment? 4

A

Gloves, mouth, nose, eyes

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33
Q

What are 4 types of G (+) organisms?

A

Staphylococcus, streptococci, bacillus, clostridium

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34
Q

Describe streptococci

A

G(+) cocci in chains or pairs

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35
Q

What is the lance field system?

A

The streptococci are grouped by seri type

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36
Q

What is a serotype?

A

Antigen that binds with a particular antibody

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37
Q

What g(+) organism can produce hemolysins?

A

Streptococci

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38
Q

What is gamma hemolysis?

A

Non hemolytic, no change to color of blood agar

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39
Q

What is alpha hemolysis?

A

Partial hemolysis of blood. Green, cloudy haze around colony growth

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40
Q

What is beta hemolysis?

A

Complete hemolysis of blood, clear zone around colony growth

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41
Q

How can streptococci be treated?

A

Responds well to antibiotics or leave alone for immune system

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42
Q

What are five diseases or infections streptococcus pyogenes can cause?

A

Impetigo and other skin infections, necrotizing fascititis, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, streptococcal pharyngitis

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43
Q

What happens if streptococci reach deeper tissues?

A

Can become necrotizing fasciitis

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44
Q

Why is necrotizing fasciitis so destructive?

A

It produces a substance that promote rapid spread of the infection

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45
Q

What are three things necrotizing fasciitis can produce?

A

Streptokinase, hyaluronidase, and DNA

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46
Q

What is the death rate of necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Can exceed 40%

47
Q

When is an infection considered necrotizing fasciitis?

A

When it attacks the muscle covering

48
Q

When does rheumatic fever normally strike?

A

4-18 year old children following a strep throat

49
Q

What can happen with rheumatic fever? 3

A

Inflammation of the heart, heart valve damage may occur and any reinfect ion can increase damage

50
Q

What is streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

Strep throat, URI

51
Q

What causes strep throat?

A

Beta hemolytic streptococci

52
Q

What are 3 symptoms of strep throat?

A

Localized inflammation and fever, tonsillitis, and swollen and tender lympnodes

53
Q

What is the drug of choice for strep throat?

A

Penicillin

54
Q

How is strep throat transmitted?

A

Respiratory secretions

55
Q

How is strep epidemic ally spread?

A

Unpasteurized milk

56
Q

How is scarlet fever caused?

A

S. Pyogenes causes strep and secretes erythrogenic toxins

57
Q

What are three symptoms of scarlet fever?

A

Pinkish red skin rash and high fever and strawberry slough younger

58
Q

How is Scarlet fever transferred?

A

Inhalation of infected droplets

59
Q

What are five things streptococcus pneumoniae can cause?

A

Pneumonia, pleuritic, meningitis, septicemia, otitis media

60
Q

What is streptococcus farcalis/ enterobacter faecalis?

A

Normal GI bacteria that’s opportunistic

61
Q

What can S. Faecalis cause?

A

Endocarditis

62
Q

Is s. Faecalis drug resistant?

A

Drug resistance is common

63
Q

What is clostridium? 3

A

G(+) spore former, obligantbanaerobe

64
Q

What do clostridium produce?

A

A variety of potent exotoxins

65
Q

What are three types of infections or diseases caused by clostridium?

A

Clostridium perfringes, clostridium tetani, and clostridium botulinum

66
Q

What clostridium is zoonotic?

A

Clostridium perfringes

67
Q

What are three things caused by clastridium perfringes?

A

Food poisoning, dysentery, gas gangrene

68
Q

How crappy is gas gang green?

A

Sever, often fatal

69
Q

What is dysentery?

A

Mucous and diarrhea

70
Q

Where does clostridium food poisoning come from?

A

Meat and meat stews contaminated with intestinal contents during slaughter

71
Q

What does clostridium perfringes do?

A

Grows in host intestinal tract and produced exotoxins

72
Q

What are some symptoms of clostridial food poisoning?

A

Abdominal pain and diarrhea

73
Q

What does clostridium tetanus cause?

A

Tetanus/lock jaw

74
Q

What does clostridium tetani produce?

A

Tetanospasmim

75
Q

What does tetanospasm do?

A

Prevents the shutting off of skeletal muscle impulses

76
Q

What can kill 30 people with only a period sized amount?

A

Tetanospasm in

77
Q

What is toxin tetanolysin?

A

Destroys tissue

78
Q

Is vaccine or treatment effective?

A

Vaccine

79
Q

How fatal is clostridium tetani if only treated?

A

30-90%

80
Q

What does clostridium botulinium cause?

A

Botulism

81
Q

Where is clostridium botulinium common?

A

In soil and water

82
Q

Is clostridium botulinium zoonotic?

A

Not usually

83
Q

Where do most cases of botulism come from?

A

Home canned, low acidic food

84
Q

What environment does clostridium botulinium like?

A

Low acidic, anaerobic

85
Q

How many Mcg can cause paralysis by preventing nerve impulses?

A

1-2 mcg

86
Q

How fatal is botulism?

A

30%

87
Q

What happens when someone has botulism?

A

Suffocate or heart stops

88
Q

What is the supportive care for botulism?

A

Ventilator and polyvalent antitoxin

89
Q

Where do people get infant botulism from?

A

Honey

90
Q

Is bacillus gram pos or neg?

A

Can be both

91
Q

What is bacillus anthraccis?

A

Gram pos rods, spore former with a capsule

92
Q

Where can bacillus anthraccis be found?

A

In soil

93
Q

How long can bacillus anthracics spores survive?

A

Decades

94
Q

Where are there bacillus anthracics endemics?

A

ND, NE AR MS LA TX CA

95
Q

What does anthrax effect?

A

Most warm blooded animals

96
Q

Where did humans normally get anthrax?

A

Animals or animal products such as wool or hides.

97
Q

What are three types of anthrax infections?

A

Cutaneous, pulmonary anthrax, and intestinal

98
Q

What are symptoms of cutaneous anthrax? 5

A

Papules, vesicles, black spot of necrosis, regional lymph nodes, septicemia

99
Q

What are symptoms of pulmonary anthrax? 5

A

Flu like symptoms, fever, sweating, respiration distress, death

100
Q

What are five symptoms of intestinal anthrax?

A

Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, septicemia, death

101
Q

What antibiotics are effective against anthrax? 2

A

Penicillin, streptomycin, or both

102
Q

What shape and gram is listeria?

A

G(+) rod

103
Q

Is listeria a spore former?

A

No

104
Q

Which listeria is ubiquitous?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

105
Q

What are five symptoms of listeria monocytogenes?

A

Fever, muscle ache, loss of balance, endocarditis, abortion

106
Q

What can listeria monocytogenes cause in sheep and cattle?

A

Meningitis and encephalitis

107
Q

How can we control and prevent listeria monocytogenes? 2

A

Pasteurization, cook meat thoroughly

108
Q

Where is corny bacteria normally found?

A

Mucous membranes

109
Q

What shale and gram is corynebacterium?

A

G(+) pleomorphic rod

110
Q

Is corny bacteria spore forming?

A

No

111
Q

What are 5 symptoms of corynebacterium diptheriae?

A

Soar throught, fever, malaise, neck swelling, death

112
Q

What is the characteristic symptom of corynebacterium?

A

Grey membranous film that forms over throat

113
Q

How is corynebacteria diptheriae spread?

A

Airborne transnission

114
Q

What are the two things used to treat coryynebacterium diptheriae?

A

Antitoxin and antibiotics

Microbiology (22 decks)

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