Gram Positive Pathogens

Question 1

Shapes of gram positive bacteria

Answer 1

Bacilli: rod shaped

Cocci: circle shaped

Question 2

Examples of anaerobic gram positive cocci

Answer 2

Atopobium

Finegoldia

Micromonas

Peptoniphilus

Peptostrptococcus

Anaerococcus

(DONT HAVE TO MEMORIZE YET)

Question 3

Examples of anaerobic gram positive bacilli

Answer 3

Actinomycetes

Bifidobacterium

Eubacteria

Lactobacillus

Mobiluncus

Propionibacterium

(Don’t have to memorize this yet)

Question 4

Catalase test

Answer 4

Differentiates between streptococci and staphylococci infections

• staphylococci have catalase enzymes and can break down hydrogen peroxide
  (Always present positive)

-streptococci does not
(Always present negative)

Question 5

Coagulate test

Answer 5

Test that differentiates staphylococcus aureus form other staph species

• Staphylococus aureus contains coagulase enzyme that breaks down fibrinogen in plasma to insoluble fibrin.
  (Tests positive and looks cloudy)
• all other staph tests negative and appears liquid

Question 6

Types of staph aureus diseases

Answer 6

Superficial lesions

Toxinoses

Systemic/life-threatening

Question 7

Types of toxinoses diseases

Answer 7

Food poisoning

Toxic shock syndrome

Scaled skin syndrome

Question 8

Types of systemic/life threatening diseases

Answer 8

Endocarditis

Osteomyelitis

Pneumonia

Brain abscesses

Meningitis

Bacteremia

Question 9

Types of virulence factors

Answer 9

Adherence factors

Exoproteins (specifically exotoxins)

Question 10

Types of antibiotic susceptibility testing

Answer 10

Broth dilution

Antimicrobial gradient

Disc diffusion on plates

Question 11

Types of antibiotic mechanisms

Answer 11

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Inhibition of DNA/ RNA synthesis

Interfere w/ cell wall

Inhibit energy metabolism

Question 12

Common protein synthesis inhibitors in gram positive bacteria

Answer 12

Aminoglycosdies (30s subunit)

Chloramphenicol (50s subunit)

Tetracyclines (30s subunit)

Streptothricin (50s subunit)

Question 13

Common DNA and RNA inhibitors of gram positive bacteria

Answer 13

Quinolones (DNA gyrase)

Rifampin (RNA polymerase)

Question 14

Common inviters of cell wall synthesis in gram positive bacteria

Answer 14

(B)-lactams

Glycopeptides

Question 15

Common inhibitors of energy metabolism in gram positive bacteria

Answer 15

Sulfonamides (folate synthesis)

Trimethoprim (folate synthesis)

Question 16

Ways bacteria develop antibiotic resistance

Answer 16

Change cell wall structure

Change antibiotic target

Efflux of antibiotic out of cells

Modify antibiotic through enzymes

Physical degradation of antibiotic

Overproduce target enzyme

Question 17

Conjugation

Answer 17

Direct transferring of DNA/genes between bacteria cells

Question 18

Transformation

Answer 18

Bacteria endocytosis pieces of DNA floating in the environment

Question 19

Transduction

Answer 19

DNA is moved between bacteria via viral capsules

Question 20

Bioflims

Answer 20

Aggregates of bacteria that are extremely resistant to antibotics, phagocytosis and gene regulation

Question 21

Types of hemolysis

Answer 21

(B)-hemolytic
- clears complete lysis of red blood cells

(A)- hemolytic
- incomplete green lysis

(Y)- hemolytic
-no hemolysis yellow lysis

Question 22

Streptococcus agalactiae

Answer 22

Meningitis (in infants)

Pneumonia (in infants)

UTIs

Endocarditis

Skin infections

Puerperal fever

Question 23

Viridans streptococci

Answer 23

Endocarditis only

Question 24

Enterococcus

Answer 24

UTI and BTI infections

Question 25

Streptococcus pneumonae

Answer 25

Pneumonia (in adults)

Meningitis (in adults)

Question 26

Streptococcus pygenes

Answer 26

Scarlet fever

Impetigo

Cellulitis

Erysipelas

Pharyngitis

Toxic shock syndrome

Rheumatic fever

Question 27

Spore forming gram positive species

Answer 27

Clostridia (only anaerobe)

Bacillus

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus Cereus