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WSET Diploma Unit 2 (OUT OF DATE) > Grape Taxonomy, Classification, Propogation, and Selection > Flashcards

Grape Taxonomy, Classification, Propogation, and Selection Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of taxonomic classification?

A 
Kingdom
Division/Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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2
Q

What is the full taxonomic classification of the grapevine?

A

Kingdom: Plantae
(Plants)

Division/Phylum: Angiospermae
(Flowering Plants)

Class: Dicotyledoneae
(Two embryonic seed leaves)

Order: Rhamnales
(Shrubs and trees with inflorescences)

Family: Vitaceae
(Climbing plants)

Genus: Vitis
(Perennial vines and shrubs with tendrils)

Species: Vinifera, Labrusca, etc.

Cultivar: Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, etc.

Clone: 667, 777, MV6, etc.

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3
Q

What is a Species?

A

A group of organisms possessing common, unique characteristics distinguishable from other species in the same genus.

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4
Q

Which species dominates worldwide grape production? Raisin production? Wine production?

A

V. Vinifera

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5
Q

What are Cultivars?

A

Different members of the same species

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6
Q

How many cultivars are there in the V. Vinifera species? How many are used in wine production?

A

About 10,000

More than 800 are used for wine production

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7
Q

What is a vine clone?

A

The progeny of a single parent by vegetative propagation that shares an identical genetic makeup

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8
Q

What Kingdom do viticultural grapevines belong to?

A

Plantae

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9
Q

What Division/Phylum do viticultural grapevines belong to?

A

Angiospermae

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10
Q

What Class do viticultural grapevines belong to?

A

Dicotyledoneae

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11
Q

What Order do viticultural grapevines belong to?

A

Rhamnales

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12
Q

What Family do viticultural grapevines belong to?

A

Vitaceae

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13
Q

What Genus do viticultural grapevines belong to?

A

Vitis

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14
Q

What Species do viticultural grapevines belong to?

A 
Vinifera
Berlandieri
Labrusca
Riparia
Rupestris
Amurensis
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15
Q

What vine species important to wine production are native to Europe?

A

Vinifera

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16
Q

What vine species important to wine production are native to North America?

A

Berlandieri

Labrusca

Riparia

Rupestris

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17
Q

What vine species important to wine production are native to Asia?

A

Amurensis

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18
Q

How did early cultivated vine varieties arise?

A

By chance crosses and natural genetic mutation

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19
Q

When and where did deliberate grapevine breeding programs begin?

A

Early 1800s Europe

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20
Q

What became vital to saving Europe’s wine industry?

A

Grafting of existing vines with North American rootstock

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21
Q

What are the three most phylloxera resistant rootstocks?

A

V. berlandieri

V. riparia

V. ripestris

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22
Q

Where is V. berlandieri found? Why is its rootstock advantageous? What are its disadvantages?

A

Found on the limestone soils of the southwest Texas-Mexico border.

Good lime tolerance

Resistant to phylloxera, fungal diseases, and Pierce’s disease

Moderately drought tolerant due to deep root system

Difficult to get cuttings to root

Highly susceptible to waterlogging

Hybridized with V. riparia and V. rupestris to produce lime resistant rootstocks that graft and root easily with different vigor levels

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23
Q

What are the typical commercial uses of V. berlandieri rootstock?

A

As a hybrid with another Vitis species that does not root as easily, such as V. rupestris or V. riparia.

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24
Q

Where is V. labrusca from? Why is its rootstock advantageous? What are its disadvantages?

A

Originates in the eastern USA on the sandy soils of the Appalachian Mountains

Tolerant to cold

Resistant to powdery mildew

Not very resistant to phylloxera

Suceptible to Downy Mildew, Black Rot, and Pierce’s Disease

Not often used as a parent for rootstock production

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25
Q

What are the typical commercial uses of V. labrusca?

A

Its grapes are used to produce jam, jelly, juice, and wines

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26
Q

What is the trademark characteristic of V. labrusca grapes?

A

Strongly flavored dark berries with a foxy flavor contributed by methyl anthranitrilate. It is generally considered undesirable.

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27
Q

Where is V. riparia from? Why is its rootstock advantageous? What are its disadvantages?

A

Found across the USA and Canada east of the Rocky Mountains

Known in viticulture as the rootstock ‘Riparia Gloire de Montpellier’ (Europe)

Very resistant to phylloxera and resistant to fungal disease

Resistant to cold down to about -30°C

Low tolerance to lime, drought, and Pierce’s disease

Shallow root system

Its rootstock is often used to control vigor

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28
Q

Where is V. rupestris from? Why is its rootstock advantageous? What are its disadvantages?

A

Found in the southwestern USA

Known in viticulture as the rootstock ‘Rupestris St. George (du Lot)’ (Europe)

Resistant to phylloxera, downy and powdery mildew

Roots and grafts with ease

Deep rooting and vigorous, good for soils lacking water

Poor lime tolerance

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29
Q

Why are European vines susceptible to phylloxera, downey mildew, and powdery mildew?

A

They did not evolve alongside them. They are native to the New World.

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30
Q

North American cultivars were bred with European cultivars to create more resistant species. What was the disadvantage?

A

The foxy characteristic of New World grapes persisted in the hybrids. The European palate did not prefer these wines.

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31
Q

What are the advantages of grafting V. vinifera vines on North American rootstock?

A

The foxy flavor of North American varietals and vinifera hybrids is avoided

The rootstock offers resistance to pests, diseases, and nutrients

Rootstock can be specifically selected to suit the above-ground cultivar and the climate

It is cheaper, quicker, and more predictable than planting from seeds

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32
Q

What was the major problem with early graftings of pure North American rootstock on V. vinifera vines in the early phylloxera pandemic?

A

V. Riparia and V. Rupestris have excellent phylloxera resistance but little lime tolerance. Europe is rich in calcareous soils. Lime-induced chlorosis took hold of many vineyards.

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33
Q

What was done to improve lime tolerance in North American rootstock?

A

Hybridization of rootstock with lime tolerant species.

(V. berlandieri x V. riparia)
5BB Kober
161-49C
SO4

(V. berlandieri x V. rupestris)
110 Richter
140 Ruggeri

(V. vinifera x V. rupestris)
AxR1/ARG1

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34
Q

Describe the AxR1 (ARG1) rootstock and its history.

A

A hybrid rootstock created by crossing V. vinifera and V. rupestris.

It became widely used during a planting boom in California during the 1980s.

By 1989 the rootstock was declared compromised by phylloxera, requiring vines planted on the rootstock to be replanted and highlighting the dangers of underestimating the pest.

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35
Q

What species offers rootstock that can be used to defend against nematodes? What are their disadvantages?

A

V. champinii, specifically the Ramsey and Dog Ridge rootstock

These are only suitable against Root Knot Nematodes, not Dagger Nematodes

They are vigorous rootstock

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36
Q

Which rootstocks are hybrids of V. berlandieri and V. riparia?

A

5BB Kober

161-49C

SO4

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37
Q

Which rootstocks are hybrids of V. berlandieri and V. rupestris?

A

110 Richter

140 Ruggeri

99 Richter

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38
Q

Which rootstocks are hybrids of V. vinifera and V. rupestris?

A

AxR1 (ARG1)

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39
Q

Which rootstocks have the greatest lime tolerance?

A

5BB Kober

41B

161-49C

420A

140 Ruggeri

Fercal

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40
Q

Which rootstocks have excellent phylloxera resistance and very good lime resistance?

A

99 Richter

5BB Kober

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41
Q

Which rootstocks are resistant to acidic soils?

A

V. labrusca and V. riparia breeds

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42
Q

Which rootstocks are most resistant to salt?

A

1616C

1202C

1103P

3309C

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43
Q

Which rootstock is very sensitive to salt?

A

41B

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44
Q

Which rootstocks are sensitive to drought conditions?

A

VERY SENSITIVE
V. riparia x V. rupestris hybrids
3309C
101-14

SENSITIVE
V. riparia x V. berlandieri
SO4
5BB Teleki

45
Q

Which rootstocks are most resistant to drought?

A

V. rupestris x V. berlandieri

MOST RESISTANT
140 Ruggeri
110 Richter

SECOND MOST
99 Richter
1103 Paulsen

AUSTRALIA
V. champinii x V. riparia
Ramsey

46
Q

Which rootstocks are considered more vigorous?

A

V. rupestris hybrids

99 Richter

140 Ruggeri

47
Q

Which roostocks are considered less vigorous?

A

V. riparia hybrids

3309 Couderc

101-14

Gloire de Montpellier

48
Q

What are the goals of managing vine propagation?

A

To reduce the risk of attack by pathogens

To nurture sought-after traits in the vines

Provide uniformity, reliability, and predictability

49
Q

How can grapevines be propagated? What is the result of planting in this way? Why is or isn’t this commercially viable?

A

Planting the seeds of the vine’s grapes. The resulting vine, however, is genetically different from its parent. Similar traits are preferred in a vineyard to ensure the quality of the final product.

Cuttings can be taken from the winter cane before it hardens and planted into the ground. This creates an identical vine that roots into the soil. Cuttings are grafted onto rootstock to ensure defense against phylloxera and other vineyard factors. It is more efficient and larger-scale than seed planting.

50
Q

What is a Cutting?

A

A 30-40cm long piece of dormant one year-old canes taken in early winter. They are removed in early winter to ensure the cutting has enough carbohydrates and nutrition to grow new roots and shoots. This is the first step in propagating a vine.

51
Q

How are cuttings treated after they are removed from the vine?

A

A hot water treatment of 50°C for 30 minutes or 54°C for 5 minutes are two recognized protocols for inactivating phylloxera, nematodes, flavescence dorée, and Pierce’s disease.

They are then planted the following spring in a nursery with plentiful water supply and a soil that is friable, fertile, well drained, and cleared of phylloxera.

About 12 months after planting in an outdoor nursery, a new cutting can be planted or grafted.

52
Q

What is Grafting?

A

The joining of cultivar cuttings (Scions) with rootstocks of other Vitis species.

53
Q

What is a Scion?

A

The above-ground, fruiting part of the vine that was once a replanted cutting of one year-old cane.

54
Q

What method of grafting is standard practice? Why?

A

Bench grafting.

It can be done by machine and is suitable for mass production.

55
Q

What is Bench Grafting?

A

A method of grafting that uses a machine to create an Omega-shaped cut in a chosen rootstock and a matching joint in a Scion. The two are coupled and dipped in paraffin wax to prevent the graft union from drying out.

56
Q

What conditions are necessary to ensure a graft is successful?

A

26°C-28°C and 75-80% humidity for two to three weeks before moving to a warm glasshouse

57
Q

What are the steps for grafting and planting a vine?

A

Obtain a cutting from the “parent’s” cane and store at 5°C

Conduct a hot water treatment of 50°C for 30 minutes or 54°C for 5 minutes to kill pests and disease

Cut and merge the Scion with the rootstock

Cover the graft in wax to protect it from infection and drying out

Keep at 26°C-28°C and 75-80% humidity for two to three weeks

Move to a warm glasshouse to kick start photosynthesis

Move to a nursery

58
Q

What method can be used to graft vines in an established vineyard?

A

Field Grafting

aka Top Grafting or Head Grafting

59
Q

What is Field Grafting? What are its benefits? When should it be carried out?

A

The top of a cultivar is cut off for replacement with a different cultivar. This is commonly used to replace cultivars with a new one that is “in vogue.”

In addition to avoiding replanting costs, this method of grafting provides new cultivars with established root systems.

The best time to field graft is in the spring when growth is underway.

60
Q

What is Chip Budding?

A

A common method of head grafting that involves inserting a one-bud Scion into a cut made on the side of a trunk.

61
Q

What is a Nursery?

A

A vineyard specialized in the complexity of the propagation and grafting processes. They maintain awareness of the identities of their cuttings and clones, as well as the records of treatments and diseases in the vines and vineyard.

62
Q

How can viticultural selection generally be described?

A

Choosing a desired trait from identified vines in order to reinforce the desired traits.

63
Q

What types of viticultural selection are used?

A

Breeding (Hybrids and Crosses)

Propagating (Mass Selection or Clonal Selection)

64
Q

What are the criteria for selecting a cultivar?

A

Climactic Adaptation

Pest, Disease, and Hazard Tolerance

Annual Growth Characteristics

Berry Character

Commercial Traits

65
Q

What are some factors of a vine’s climactic adaptation that may be desirable in a vineyard?

A

Cold hardiness

Resistance to drought or heat

Strong berries that do not split in rain near harvest time

66
Q

What are some factors of a vine’s annual growth characteristics that may be desirable in a vineyard?

A

Bud fertility

Ease of successful fruit set

Size and number of berries per bunch

Productivity/yield

Vegetative growth pattern that makes mechanization easier

67
Q

What are some factors of a vine’s berry character that may be desirable in a vineyard?

A

Acid retention

Ripening at lower sugar levels

Retention of Aromas

Rich phenolics

68
Q

What are some factors of a vine’s commercial traits that may be desirable in a vineyard?

A

High yield

High quality

Suitability for mechanization

69
Q

What is a Hybrid?

A

The offspring of two animals or plants of different species

70
Q

What is the only permitted Hybrid in an AOC? Why was it bred?

A

Baco 22A (V. vinifera x ((V. riparia x V. labrusca)))

It is a hybrid of Folle Blanche and Noah, bred to resist black rot.

Armagnac AOC is the only zone to permit use of this hybrid.

71
Q

What is a Direct Producer?

A

A vine hybrid created without grafting. It possesses qualities of both parents. The wines produced from these vines are generally considered unattractive.

72
Q

What major factors drive the consideration of using Direct Producers?

A

Cold hardiness

Non-wine commercial applications

73
Q

What are most hybrids used for in the 21st century?

A

Rootstocks for V. vinifera

74
Q

What are some important hybrid cultivars?

A

Concord

Vidal

Saperavi Severny

Seyval Blanc

Black Hamburg

Clinton

75
Q

What is the difference between a hybrid and a crossing?

A

Hybrids are the offspring of two parents from different species.

Crossings are the offspring of two parents from the same species.

76
Q

What is a Crossing?

A

The offspring of two animals or plants of the same species.

In viticulture, this typically means breeding two vinifera species to produce a third.

Crossings between the same cultivar do not produce the same cultivar
(Riesling x Riesling does not equal Riesling).

77
Q

Which famous crossing was produced in 1882? Who developed it and what was the parent cultivar?

A

Müller-Thurgau

Dr. Hermann Müller

(Riesling x Madeleine Royale)

78
Q

What is Mass Selection?

A

The selection of a vineyard’s best performing vines from which cuttings are to be taken.

This requires an extensive understanding of the individual vine’s behavior over the growing seasons.

79
Q

What is a Clone?

A

The basis of modern viticulture, an offspring of a single parent propagated vegetatively by layering or by cuttings.

They are a sub-set of the cultivar, chosen for particular traits and/or the absence of other traits.

Choosing the correct vine to clone requires an extensive understanding of the individual vine’s behavior over the growing seasons.

80
Q

What is Layering?

A

Bending the shoot of a vine toward the ground so as to establish a second root system. After the shoot has rooted itself, the connection to the first plant is cut and a clone of the parent plant is created.

81
Q

What is the disadvantage of layering V. vinifera compared to grafting V. vinifera?

A

The layered vine will be susceptible to phylloxera as it does not possess resistant rootstock.

82
Q

What is the difference between breeding and propagating?

A

Breeding involves two parents providing genetic material to create a third, unique creature. Hybridization and Crossing are examples of breeding.

Propagating takes genetic material from one parent in order to replicate it. Cutting and Layering are examples of propagation/cloning.

83
Q

True or False

Every propagated vine is genetically identical.

A

True

They can be traced back to a single vine via cutting and layering operations.

HOWEVER, genetic mutation may occur over time to produce different characteristics in the vine.

84
Q

Where and when did the process of cloning begin?

A

Germany in the latter 19th century.

Later, France in the 1950s.

85
Q

How are clonal cuttings treated before entering into trials?

A

Screened for viruses and treated via thermotherapy if necessary.

86
Q

What are some factors that may affect a clone’s trait expression?

A

Vineyard management techniques

Soil type

Climate

Rootstock

Training system

87
Q

What are the arguments in favor of planting a vineyard with a single clonal variety?

A

Reliable yield and quality

Uniform vine maintenance

88
Q

What are the arguments against planting a vineyard with a single clonal variety?

A

Increased vulnerability to pathogen attack

Uniformity of wine flavors

The pool of genetic resources is reduced

89
Q

Describe genetic engineering.

A

The modification of an organism by inserting, altering, or removing a gene.

Inserted genetic material may come from a different, unrelated organism from the original, either plant or animal.

Research on vines is ongoing though genetically modified yeast are commercially available.

90
Q

What is the benefit of genetically engineering grapevines?

A

It is a quicker method of producing new varieties than existing techniques (which can take decades).

91
Q

What characteristics is current genetic engineering research looking into?

A

Mildew and virus resistance

Berry color development

92
Q

Name one genetically modified yeast that is commercially available and describe its advantage.

A

ML01 is able to carry out malolactic and alcoholic fermentation simultaneously. This avoids some of the complex risks involved in separate alcoholic and malolactic processes.

93
Q

What is a hurdle to the use of widespread genetic engineering?

A

Consumer resistance in some geographies.

94
Q

Where is it believed that the original cultivated vines were first selected?

A

Transcaucasia

The area defined by the borders of Russia (to the North), Iran & Turkey (to the South), the Caspian Sea (to the East), and the Black sea (to the west)

95
Q

Why were the first vines cultivated?

A

The vines had functional hermaphroditic flowers, offering better yields

96
Q

How did so many V. vinifera cultivars develop?

A

The vines were spread from Transcaucasia throughout the Mediterranean basin and crossed with local vines

97
Q

What three key moments were important to the history of grapevine hybridization?

A

Settlers appearing in the New World and wanting to drink wine that wasn’t harsh, foxy, or herbaceous

The phylloxera pandemic necessitating a need for rootstocks that were tolerant of lime and resistant to the pest

Mildew spreading across European vineyards, necessitating the planting of resistant cultivars with desirable flavor qualities

98
Q

Where do hybrids continue to play a significant role in grape production? Where were they banned?

A

In the Eastern USA they are still widely used and valued for their cold resistance.

Germany continues to experiment with and plant hybrids. Regent is the sixth most planted varietal in Germany.

In France, hybrids were widely used until the 1950s when a combination of national attitude and overproduction saw them generally banned.

99
Q

Where are some important research facilities for the hybridization of grapes?

A

New York State Agricultural Research Station, USA
(Cornell AgriTech)

Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Germany

Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute, Germany

Institut for Viticulture Freiburg, Germany

100
Q

What are some important crossed cultivars?

A

Müller-Thurgau

Alicante Bouschet

Scheurebe

Kerner

Reichensteiner

101
Q

What is Petit Bouchet?

A

A red fleshed grape produced be crossing Aramon with the variety Teinturier. It was developed by Louis Bouschet.

(Aramon x Teinturier)

102
Q

What is Alicante Bouschet?

A

A red fleshed grape produced by crossing Petit Bouschet with Garnacha. It was developed by Henri Bouschet, the son of Louis Bouschet.

(Garnacha x ((Aramon x Teinturier)))

103
Q

When was Clonal Selection first carried out? Which countries practice it?

A

In 1876 by Gustav Froelich on Silvaner vines.

Clonal Selection was almost exclusive a German practice until the 1950s when it became widespread.

104
Q

How do growers who don’t use nurseries propagate their vines?

A

Mass selection (common)

Layering (rare)

105
Q

In what situations in layering still used in vineyards?

A

Where phylloxera poses no risk to the vines.

V. berlandieri and V. rotundifolia have difficulty rooting from cuttings

Old vineyards in Argentina

Bollinger’s “Veilles Vignes Françaises” in Champagne

106
Q

What is needed for a young grafted cutting to grow successfully? Why?

A

Water
Its leaves grow faster than the roots

Heat
15°C-25°C is ideal with the heat coming from below to stimulate root development

Loose, well drained soil
It should have good aeration, water holding capacity, drainage, and protection from weevils

107
Q

What is Cleft Grafting?

A

A less common method of field grafting that involves decapitating most of the vine just above the graft union with the rootstock. A vertical split is then made in what is left of the trunk and new canes are inserted.

This method works well on young vines in warm climates, but care of the vine after the graft is very important.

108
Q

What are the two subdivisions of V. vinifera?

A

V. vinifera sativa
The domesticated grapevine selected to be hermaphroditic with (usually) good fruit set and relatively large fruit

V. vinifera silvestris
Wild European vines that are not usually hermaphroditic, are the ancestors of modern vines, and have mostly been wiped out by phylloxera

109
Q

What species of grapevine survived the quaternary ice age in Europe?

A

V. vinifera

WSET Diploma Unit 2 (OUT OF DATE) (18 decks)

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