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Unit 7 > Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Defects in the formation of the tracheoesophageal septum may lead to

A

esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula

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2
Q

Atresia of the esophagus or duodenal can be detected by

A

polyhydramnios or excess fluid in the amniotic sac

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3
Q

If canalization is imcomplete or absent ________ can occur.

A

Duodenal stenosis/duodenal atresia

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4
Q

If the two parts of the ventral pancreas migrate in opposite directions around the duodenum an constrict the duodenum, a ______ can occur

A

annular pancreas

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5
Q

Which organ in the foregut develops from mesodermal derivative?

A

the spleen - the rest of the foregut is from the endodermal gut tube

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6
Q

The cranial limb of the primary intestinal loop gives rise to

A

most of the ileum

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7
Q

The caudal limb of the primary intestinal loop gives rise to

A

ascending colon

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8
Q

Describe the two rotations of the intestines:

A

elongating intestine in the umbilicus rotates 90° counterclockwise around superior mesenteric artery

after returning to the abdominal cavity, it rotates 180° counterclockwise

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9
Q

A volvulus can develop after what?

A

non-rotation, reversed rotation, or mixed rotation of the intestines

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10
Q

A Meckel’s diverticulum is a remnant of ______ .

A

vitelline duct

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11
Q

A herniation of the bowel through the umbilical ring that is covered by a thin membrane

A

omphalocele

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12
Q

A herniation of the bowel through the abdomen wall with no covering

A

gastroschisis

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13
Q

Rectourethral or rectovaginal fistulas are the result of what developmental abnormality?

A

Abnormal development of the cloacal or urorectal septum

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14
Q

Failure of cloacal membrane to breakdown is called _______.

A

Imperforate anus - horrifying

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15
Q

What is meant by retroperitoneal?

A

organs that lie behind the peritoneal cavity & are covered only on one surface by the peritoneum

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16
Q

Vitelline ducts are common (2% of the population), but 1-3% of cases can develop into ____ causing ______.

A

vitelline fistula or cyst causing obstrution and GI bleeding

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17
Q

What is physiological umbilical herniation?

A

During normal development, there is not enough room in the abdominal cavity and the primary intestinal loop herniates into the umbilical cord

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18
Q

A volvulus causes what?

A

intestinal obstruction and compromised blood supply

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19
Q

The urorectal septum divides the cloaca into dorsal _______ and a ventral _______.

A

dorsal anorectal canal and ventral urogenital sinus

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20
Q

What causes Hirschprung disease?

A

A lack of parasympathetic ganglia in the bowel wall. Often due to defects in neural crest migration.

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21
Q

A thin connective tissue sheath that covers the individual abdominal muscles is the

A

deep fascia/epimysium

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22
Q

A thin layer of fascia that lines the transversus abdominis and is continuous with a similar layer lining the diaphragm and the iliacus muscle

A

Fascia transversalis

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23
Q

The three muscles that make up the rectus sheath are

A

external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis

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24
Q

A thin layer of CT that contains a variable amount of fat that lies between the fascia transversalis and peritoneum

A

Extraperitoneal fat

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25
Q

Mesentery connects _____

A

organs completely covered by peritoneum to the body wall

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26
Q

Painful stimuli to the central part of the diaphragmatic peritoneum is referred to

A

the shoulder

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27
Q

The visceral peritoneum is (sensitive/insensitive)

A

insensitive

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28
Q

The aperture by which the greater sac and lesser sac of the peritoneum communicate

A

the foramen epiploicum

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29
Q

Roles of the peritoneum:

A

minimize friction, resist infection, store fat

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30
Q

Mesentery carries

A

vessels and nerves

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31
Q

This keeps the intestines from forming adhesions with the parietal peritoneum of the ventral body wall

A

The greater omentum

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32
Q

The lesser omentum passes from ____ to ______

A

inferior surface of the liver to adjacent organs

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33
Q

The falciform ligament attaches ___ to ____

A

the liver to the diaphragm

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34
Q

The lesser omentum is made up of what two portions?

A

hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament

35
Q

The round ligament/ligamentum teres is the remains of the

A

obliterated umbilical vein

36
Q

Abdominal stria occurs when

A

skin has been stretched chronically and the elastic fibers rupture

37
Q

Obstruction of the portal vein, which causes the paraumbilical veins to serve as avenue for collateral venous return

A

Caput medusae

38
Q

Major vessels in Scarpa’s layer are:

A

superficial epigastric artery and vein

39
Q

Anterior abdominal muscles are:

A

rectus abdominis

pyramidalis

40
Q

Antero-lateral abdominal muscles are:

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis

41
Q

Intraperitoneal organs are:

A 
liver
spleen
stomach
duodenum (1st part)
jejunum
ileum
transverse & sigmoid colon
rectum (sup. part)
42
Q

Retroperitoneal organs are:

A 
kidneys
adrenal glands
pancreas (head&body)
duodenum (parts 2-4)
ascending & descending colon
43
Q

Abdominal wall layers:

A 
skin
superficial fascia
deep fascia / epimysium
muscles
fascia transversalis
extraperitoneal fat
peritoneum
44
Q

The liver, gallbladder, stomach, duodenum, R kidney, r adrenal gland, pancreas, colon, and IVC are in which quadrant?

A

the right upper quadrant

45
Q

The liver, abd esophagus, stomach, jejunum, spleen, L kidney, L adrenal gland, pancreas, colon and aorta are in which quadrant?

A

left upper quadrant

46
Q

The right lower quadrant contains what?

A

ileum, 1/2 of the ascending colon, cecum, appendix, and R ureter

47
Q

The left lower quadrant contains what?

A

ileum, colon (1/2 descending and sigm), jejunum, and L ureter

48
Q

An esophageal motor disorder characterized by aperistalisis and lack of relaxation of the lower sphincter in response to swallows

A

Achalasia/Stenosis

49
Q

When a portion of the stomach protrudes into the thorax it is called a _____

A

hiatal hernia

50
Q

Hypertrophy or obstruction of the pyloric sphincter causes

A

vomiting, weight loss, dehydration and a lack of bowel movements

51
Q

Which segment of the duodenum has mesentary?

A

the first part - the rest are retroperitoneal

52
Q

The suspensory ligament of the duodenum is the Ligament of _____

A

Treitz

53
Q

Both the bile and pancreatic ducts open in the duodenum at the

A

ampulla of Vater

54
Q

Obstruction of the ileocecal valve suggests

A

a polyp or tumor

55
Q

Intussusception is

A

the prolapse of one portion of the intestine

56
Q

3 ribbon-like thickening of the longitudinal muscle of the colon are called

A

Taeniae Coli

57
Q

McBurney’s point is 2/3 the distance away from the _____

A

umbilicus

58
Q

Which surface of the liver is not covered with peritoneum?

A

Posterior (Anterior, superior, Postero-inferior areas, covered with peritoneum)

59
Q

What is the most likely place for fluid to accumulate around the liver?

A

Hepatorenal recess

60
Q

The hepatic portal vein is a union of the ____ and ____

A

Superior mesenteric vein (SMV)

Inferior mesenteric vern (IMV)

61
Q

The paletoglossal and paletopharyngeal arches define the boundaries of the ______ ___

A

tonsillar beds

62
Q

What separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?

A

The soft palate

63
Q

From what structure does the uvula hang?

A

The soft palate

64
Q

The 1 superior 2 inferior and 3 internal constrictors (elevate the pharynx and larynx during phonation/propel a bolus of food from the oral cavity to esophagus during swallowing)

A

propel a bolus of food from the oral cavity to esophagus durind swallowing

65
Q

The 1 stylopharyngeus 2 salpingopharyngeus and 3 palatoparyngeus (elevate the pharynx and larynx during phonation/propel a bolus of food from the oral cavity to esophagus during swallowing)

A

elevate the pharynx and larynx during phonation

66
Q

All muscles of the pharynx are innervated by _____ except the stylopharyngeus and tensor veli palatini

A

CN X

67
Q

The stylopharyngeus (a longitudinal muscle) is innervated by _____

A

CN IX

68
Q

Where are the:

  1. levator veli palantini
  2. tensor veli palantine
  3. palatoglossus
  4. palatopharyngeus
  5. musculus uvulae
A

The soft palate

69
Q

What innervate the tensor veli palantini?

A

CN V branch 3

70
Q

What is the nerve supply for the 1 superior 2 inferior and 3 internal constrictors?

A

pharyngeal plexus (CN X)

71
Q

The auditory tube can become blocked if the _______ become enlarged during an infection

A

adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)

72
Q

Which nerve lies deep to the palantine tonsils and must be avoided during a tonsillectomy?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

73
Q

What closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing?

A

Soft Palate muscles:

  1. levator veli palantini
  2. tensor veli palantine
  3. palatoglossus
  4. palatopharyngeus
  5. musculus uvulae
74
Q

What group of muscles controls the decent of the larynx during the third stage of swallowing?

A

infrahyoids

75
Q

Which cranial nerves must be intact for swallowing to occur without incidence?

A 
CN V(3)
VII
IX
X
XII
76
Q

Which nerve innervates the base of the tongue and lateral pharyngeal walls, important for the swallowing reflex?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

CN IX

77
Q

Which nerve helps manipulate a food bolus within the oral cavity during mastication?

A

CN VII (facial)

78
Q

Which nerve conveys sensation to epiglottis, false vocal cords and portions of the piriform recess, aiding in the initiation of swallowing?

A

superior laryngeal nerve

CN X branch

79
Q

What nerve provides special sensory fibers to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

CN IX hypoglossal

80
Q

The cystic duct and common hepatic duct combine to form the _____

A

common bile duct

81
Q

The pancreatic duct and common bile duct join at the ______

A

Ampulla of Vater, entrance to the duodenum

82
Q

The artery of Drumond connects all of the _____ together

A

arcades

83
Q

The head and body of the pancreas is (intraperitoneal/retroperitoneal)

A

retroperitneal

Unit 7 (4 decks)

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