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Flashcards in Gross-Spinal-Boards 2 Deck (50)
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1
Q

What does the ANS innervate?

A

involuntary structures: smooth muscle, heart, and glands

2
Q

What cord levels are sympathetic?

A

T1-L1/L2 (sometimes L3)

3
Q

What is the length of preganglionic sympathetic axons?

A

short

4
Q

What is the length of postganglionic sympathetic axons?

A

long

5
Q

What is the preganglionic sympathetic neurotransmitter?

A

ACH (acetylcholine)

6
Q

What is the postganglionic sympathetic neurotransmitter?

A

epinepherine or norepinepherine

7
Q

What cord levels are parasympathetic?

A

S2-S4 (and CNs III, VII, IX, and X) (craniosacral)

8
Q

What is the length of preganglionic parasympathetic axons?

A

long

9
Q

What is the length of postganglionic parasympathetic axons?

A

short

10
Q

What is the postganglionic parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

A

ACH

11
Q

What is the preganglionic parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

A

ACH

12
Q

When does ossification begin?

A

7-8 weeks (embryo)

13
Q

What are the cranial sutures?

A

coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, and squamous

14
Q

What structures are associated with the ethmoid bone?

A

cribriform plate and crista galli

15
Q

What structures are associated with the maxillary bone?

A

hard palate, palatine process, and orbital process

16
Q

What structures are associated with the sphenoid bone?

A

sella turcica, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, foramen lacerum, and foramen spinosum

17
Q

What bones make up the orbit?

A

sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal, and maxillary

18
Q

What are the 3 primary ossification centers on a vertebra?

A

body and 2 vertebral arches (lam/ped)

19
Q

What are the 5 secondary ossification centers on a vertebra?

A

tip of spinous process, 2 transverse processes, and 2 annular ring epiphyyes

20
Q

What are the 2 additional ossification centers for lumbar vertebrae?

A

mamillary processes

21
Q

What are the typical ribs?

A

3-9

22
Q

What are the atypical ribs?

A

1,2,11,12

23
Q

What are the features of the first rib?

A

shortest rib, costochondral joint with manubrium, scalene tubercle, and subclavian vessels

24
Q

What are the features of the second rib?

A

thinner, twice as long as 1st rib, and serratus anterior tuberosity

25
Q

What are the features of the eleventh and twelfth ribs?

A

short, no neck or tubercle, floating, and end capped cartilage

26
Q

What are the features of the manubrium?

A

jugular notch (suprasternal notch) and angle of Louis (where it meets gladiolus)

27
Q

What are the vertebral levels of the gladiolus?

A

T5-T9

28
Q

What landmarks are marked by the diaphragm?

A

diaphragm, diaphragmatic surface of the liver, and inferior border of the heart

29
Q

name the level in the cervical spine: hyoid bone

A

C3

30
Q

name the level in the cervical spine: Cornu of thyroid

A

C4

31
Q

name the level in the cervical spine: body of thyroid

A

C5

32
Q

name the level in the cervical spine: cricoid cartilage

A

C6

33
Q

name the level in the cervical spine: carotid tubercle

A

C6

34
Q

what are the boundaris of the IVF?

A

pedicle, facets, body, and disc

35
Q

What is cranial nerve I?

A

olfactory

36
Q

Where does CN I exit?

A

cribriform plate?

37
Q

What is the function of CN I?

A

sensory- smell

38
Q

What is cranial nerve II?

A

optic

39
Q

Where does CN II exit?

A

optic canal

40
Q

What is the function of CN II?

A

sensory- vision

41
Q

What is cranial nerve III?

A

Occulomotor

42
Q

Where does CN III exit?

A

superior orbital fissure

43
Q

What is the function of CN III?

A

motor- eye muscles EXCEPT lateral rectus and superior oblique

44
Q

What is the smallest CN?

A

trochlear

45
Q

Where does CN III synapse?

A

Edinger Westphal nucleus

46
Q

What is cranial nerve IV?

A

Trochlear

47
Q

What is the function of CN IV?

A

motor- superior oblique

48
Q

Where does CN IV exit?

A

superior orbital fissure

49
Q

What is cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal

50
Q

What are the three branches of CN V?

A

Opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular