What does the ANS innervate?
involuntary structures: smooth muscle, heart, and glands
What cord levels are sympathetic?
T1-L1/L2 (sometimes L3)
What is the length of preganglionic sympathetic axons?
short
What is the length of postganglionic sympathetic axons?
long
What is the preganglionic sympathetic neurotransmitter?
ACH (acetylcholine)
What is the postganglionic sympathetic neurotransmitter?
epinepherine or norepinepherine
What cord levels are parasympathetic?
S2-S4 (and CNs III, VII, IX, and X) (craniosacral)
What is the length of preganglionic parasympathetic axons?
long
What is the length of postganglionic parasympathetic axons?
short
What is the postganglionic parasympathetic neurotransmitter?
ACH
What is the preganglionic parasympathetic neurotransmitter?
ACH
When does ossification begin?
7-8 weeks (embryo)
What are the cranial sutures?
coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, and squamous
What structures are associated with the ethmoid bone?
cribriform plate and crista galli
What structures are associated with the maxillary bone?
hard palate, palatine process, and orbital process
What structures are associated with the sphenoid bone?
sella turcica, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, foramen lacerum, and foramen spinosum
What bones make up the orbit?
sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal, and maxillary
What are the 3 primary ossification centers on a vertebra?
body and 2 vertebral arches (lam/ped)
What are the 5 secondary ossification centers on a vertebra?
tip of spinous process, 2 transverse processes, and 2 annular ring epiphyyes
What are the 2 additional ossification centers for lumbar vertebrae?
mamillary processes
What are the typical ribs?
3-9
What are the atypical ribs?
1,2,11,12
What are the features of the first rib?
shortest rib, costochondral joint with manubrium, scalene tubercle, and subclavian vessels
What are the features of the second rib?
thinner, twice as long as 1st rib, and serratus anterior tuberosity
What are the features of the eleventh and twelfth ribs?
short, no neck or tubercle, floating, and end capped cartilage
What are the features of the manubrium?
jugular notch (suprasternal notch) and angle of Louis (where it meets gladiolus)
What are the vertebral levels of the gladiolus?
T5-T9
What landmarks are marked by the diaphragm?
diaphragm, diaphragmatic surface of the liver, and inferior border of the heart
name the level in the cervical spine: hyoid bone
C3
name the level in the cervical spine: Cornu of thyroid
C4
name the level in the cervical spine: body of thyroid
C5
name the level in the cervical spine: cricoid cartilage
C6
name the level in the cervical spine: carotid tubercle
C6
what are the boundaris of the IVF?
pedicle, facets, body, and disc
What is cranial nerve I?
olfactory
Where does CN I exit?
cribriform plate?
What is the function of CN I?
sensory- smell
What is cranial nerve II?
optic
Where does CN II exit?
optic canal
What is the function of CN II?
sensory- vision
What is cranial nerve III?
Occulomotor
Where does CN III exit?
superior orbital fissure
What is the function of CN III?
motor- eye muscles EXCEPT lateral rectus and superior oblique
What is the smallest CN?
trochlear
Where does CN III synapse?
Edinger Westphal nucleus
What is cranial nerve IV?
Trochlear
What is the function of CN IV?
motor- superior oblique
Where does CN IV exit?
superior orbital fissure
What is cranial nerve V?
Trigeminal
What are the three branches of CN V?
Opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular