hazards mock Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
park model stage 1
A
- pre disaster = before event
2
Q
park model stage 2
A
- disruption = during and directly after hazard, there is destruction of properly and loss of life
3
Q
park model stage 3
A
- relief = rescue efforts in the aftermath focus on saving people and preventing further damage
4
Q
park model stage 4
A
- rehabilitation = people resolve longer term problems and provide temporary shelter and aid
5
Q
park model stage 5
A
- reconstruction = rebuilding permanent houses and infrastructure, area could return to normal or improve and vulnerability to hazards decreases
6
Q
how many stages does the park model have?
A
5
7
Q
positives of park model
A
- clear visualisation of stages
- allows areas to be compared
- links to how developed/ prepared an area is
8
Q
negatives of park model
A
- too general and simple
- doesn’t account for the difference in recovery time in urban and rural areas
- doesn’t consider multiple hazards
9
Q
hazard management cycle phase 1
A
- mitigation = aims to minimise impacts of future disasters e.g. building flood defences (before or after event)
10
Q
hazard management cycle phase 2
A
- preparedness = planning how to respond to a hazard e.g. warning systems
11
Q
hazard management cycle phase 3
A
- response = how people react when a disaster occurs e.g. emergency services rescue people
12
Q
hazard management cycle phase 4
A
- recovery = getting the affected area back to normal e.g. rebuilding houses
13
Q
how many phases are in the hazard management cycle
A
4
14
Q
positives of the hazard management cycle
A
- covers all phases
- shows long term planning
- can be applied to multiple hazards
15
Q
negatives of the hazard management cycle
A
- too simple
- does not account for economic inequality
- assumes that governments will address all phases equally
16
Q
hazard mitigation is…
A
anything done to reduce the severity or impacts of a hazard through short term or long term responses
17
Q
3 main categories of long term responses
A
- prevention
- preparedness
- adaptation
18
Q
prevention
A
- not possible to prevent volcanic eruptions
- risk could be prevented if authorities do not develop on the land around a volcano
19
Q
preparedness
A
- happens before to minimise risk or vulnerability
- monitoring systems and evacuations
- stop people from entering area
- emergency kit and finding emergency shelter
- search and rescue units set up and fire response units
20
Q
adaptation
A
- how people change their behaviour to minimise risk
- buildings can be strengthened to reduce chance of collapse under ash
- people can capitalise on opportunities such as farming (fertile ash soil) or tourism
21
Q
primary impacts are…
A
a direct result of the eruption
22
Q
secondary impacts are…
A
a result of the primary impacts
23
Q
social impacts of volcanic eruptions
A
- people killed and infrastructure destroyed
- pyroclastic flow and lava can cause fires
- lahars and flooding from ice melt can cause damage and death
24
Q
environmental impacts of volcanic eruptions
A
- ecosystems damaged or destroyed by volcanic material
- acid rain can enter water and kill organisms
- acid rain damages trees and removes nutrients from soil
- volcanic gases can add to greenhouse effect
- ash clouds can block sunlight, lowering temperatures
25
economic impacts of volcanic eruptions
1. destroy businesses, damage crops, prevent air travel
2. damage can be expensive to repair
3. eruptions can attract tourism and boost economy
26
political impacts of volcanic eruptions
1. food shortages due to damaged land can lead to conflict
2. government spending money on reparations rather than services so development slows
27
soufriére hills volcano
- montserrat, caribbean
- destructive plate margin, NA plate subducting below caribbean plate
- series of eruptions 1997
- 5 million m^3 of material released in 20 mins
- pyroclastic flow and large ash clouds
28
economic impacts of soufriére hills eruption
1. £1 billion in homes and investments lost
2. over 20 villages lost
3. businesses destroyed lowering economy (more tourism now)
4. schools, hospitals, airport and port destroyed
29
social impacts of soufriére hills eruption
1. 19 died
2. hundreds lost homes
3. fires destroyed government offices and police headquarters
4. 8000/12000 inhabitants left
30
environmental impacts of soufriére hills eruption
1. plymouth (capital city) buried under 12m of mud and ash
2. vegetation and farmland destroyed
3. volcanic ash has improved soil fertility
31
8 responses to soufriére hills eruptions
1. people evacuated to safe areas north
2. shelters built for evacuees
3. temporary roads and electricity supplies
4. UK provided £17 million emergency aid
5. local services provided search and rescue
6. risk map created with exclusion zone
7. UK provided £41 million of long term aid to develop new port, airport and houses
8. montserrat volcano observatory set up to predict future eruptions
32
convection currents
- lower parts of asthenosphere heat up and rise
- as they reach the top, they cool down and become more dense and sink
- circular movements create drag on the base of the tectonic plates and move them
33
slab pull
- at destructive margins, denser crust subducts below less dense crusts
- sinking of plate edge pulls the rest of the plate towards boundary
34
ridge push
- constructive margins, magma rises to form new crust in a slope shape
- denser rock moves away from plate margin which puts pressure on plates below causing them to move apart
35
sea floor spreading
- as plates diverge, magma fills gap
- sea flood gets wider
- creates mid ocean ridges
36
