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HB C in CM > HB E > Flashcards

HB E Flashcards

1
Q

Physical conditions and non-living resources

Eg Climate, weather soil, nutrients, light.

A

Abiotic

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2
Q

Evolutionary process

leads to the development or persistence of an organism’s behavior and ability to survive / reproduce.

A

Adaptation

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3
Q

Continually wooded since before 1600 (in England).

Semi-natural ancient woodland is dominated by naturally regenerated native trees and shrubs

A

Ancient Woodland

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4
Q

They obtain energy from an inorganic source i.e. sunlight or inorganic chemical energy.

i.e. Plants, some bacteria.

A

Autotrophs

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5
Q

Variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or the entire earth

A

Biodiversity

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6
Q

Total weight of all the living organisms, or a designated group of living organisms, in a given area.

A

Biomass

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7
Q

living organisms. They can also influence the distribution of organisms in an ecosystem.

A

Biotic

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8
Q

Plant species confined to soils with high (alkaline) pH

A

Calcicole

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9
Q

Plant species confined to soils with low (acidic) pH

A

Calcifuge

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10
Q

A group of biological taxa (as species) that include all the descendents of one common ancestor.

A

Clade

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11
Q

Behaviour of an animal that benefits another at its own expense.

A

Altruism

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12
Q

The genetic constitution of an individual organism.

A

Genotype

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13
Q

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

A

Phenotype

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14
Q

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

A

Ecosystem

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15
Q

Exclusively native to a particular place or biota.

A

Endemic

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16
Q

The animal and plant life of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.

A

Biota

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17
Q

Plant community existing at the stable end point of succession.

A

Climax Community

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18
Q

Association between two individuals of different species in which one benefits and the other does not gain benefit or disadvantage.

A

Commensalism

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19
Q

The individuals from a number of species in a particular locality.

A

Community

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20
Q

Relationship between individuals using the same resource to each other’s disadvantage. Competition may be exploitation (directly through the depletion of the resource) or interference (through one individual interfering with another’s access to the resource).

A

Competition

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21
Q

A result of competition between two species for a limiting resource in which one species completely eliminates the other. Ecologically identical species cannot co-exist, but can live in different areas of the same woodland.

A

Competitive exclusion

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22
Q

Abiotic factors influencing the external environment of an organism and, as a consequence, the organism’s functioning.

A

Conditions

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23
Q

To sustain and develop habitats and species.

A

Conservation

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24
Q

Heterotrophic micro-organisms that break down dead organic matter.

A

Decomposers

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25
Q

Animals that eat dead and usually decaying organic matter.

A

Detritivores

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26
Q

The spatial range of a species, usually on a geographic scale but sometimes on a smaller scale, or the arrangement or spatial pattern of species over its habitat.

A

Distribution

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27
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid. The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next.

A

DNA

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28
Q

The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions with the environment (including with each other) which cause these patterns of distribution and abundance.

A

Ecology

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29
Q

A system of living organisms and their physical and chemical environment.

A

Ecosystem

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30
Q

Organisms that rely on external heat sources to regulate body temperature or do not regulate temperature at all.

A

Ectotherms

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31
Q

Organisms that maintain a roughly constant body temperature by generating internal heat.

A

Endotherms

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32
Q

Proteins produced by cells that act as catalysts in biochemical processes.

A

Enzyme

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33
Q

Change in the characteristics of a species over time and the development of new species through reproductive isolation.

A

Evolution

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34
Q

Number of seeds, eggs or offspring produced by an individual.

A

Fecundity

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35
Q

A simple expression of feeding relationships in a community, starting with plants and ending with top carnivores.

A

Food chain

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36
Q

A network of feeding relationships within a community.

A

Food web

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37
Q

The type of environment that an organism or population lives.

A

Habitat

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38
Q

Animals that eat plant material only.

A

Herbivores

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39
Q

Organisms that obtain energy from complex organic compounds that have been synthesised by other organisms. I.e. Organisms that eat plants and/or other animals.

A

Heterotrophs

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40
Q

The state of inactivity of some animals during the winter; marked by a drop in body temperature and metabolic rate

A

Hibernation

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41
Q

Competition between members of two or more species

A

Interspecific competition

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42
Q

Competition among members of a single species

A

Intraspecific competition

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43
Q

Lacking a backbone, hence an animal without bones e.g. insect, mollusc, jellyfish, worm.

A

Invertebrate

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44
Q

Plant of the Pea family that forms root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria.

A

Legume

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45
Q

The entire span of life of an organism from the moment of fertilization (or asexual generation) to the time it reproduces in turn.

A

Life cycle

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46
Q

The rate at which the chemical reactions within the cell or organism take place.

A

Metabolic rate

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47
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within the cell or and organism.

A

Metabolism

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48
Q

A habitat that is really small e.g. a flower head, underneath the bark of a tree.

A

Microhabitat

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49
Q

The regular, seasonal movements of animals between breeding and non-breeding ranges.

A

Migration

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50
Q

This is the DNA that is transferred through the mitochondria of the egg in reproduction. It is not the same DNA as the chromosomes that mix to create the unique individual (50% each from the egg and sperm). Is therefore passed through the generations via the females and is used for plotting evolutionary pathways.

A

Mitochondrial DNA

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51
Q

Association between two individuals of different species in which both benefit.

A

Mutualism

52
Q

Fungi developing a mutualistic association with plant roots.

A

Natural Selection

53
Q

The role played by an organism within a community or ecosystem. The fundamental niche is the range of conditions that can be tolerated and the resources that can be utilised. The realised niche is the proportion of the fundamental niche actually occupied as a result of competition.

A

Niche

54
Q

A nutrient is a chemical that an organism needs to live and grow, or a substance used in an organism’s metabolism which must be taken in from its environment.
Macronutrients are those used by the body in large amounts (e.g. Carbohydrate).
Micronutrients are those used by the body in small amounts (e.g. Calcium).

A

Nutrient – Micro, macro

55
Q

Relationship between two individuals of different species where one member benefits and the other is disadvantaged (although not killed until at least after the parasite has successfully reproduced).

A

Parasitism

56
Q

A scale from one to fourteen of acidity (1-6) and alkalinity (8-14), 7 being neutral. Actually stands for ‘potential of hydrogen’ and is on a log scale.

A

pH

57
Q

Free draining, acidic soil where long term leaching has occurred.

A

Podzols

58
Q

Initial plant community in succession, often well adapted to specific abiotic problems associated with a particular substrate.

A

Pioneers

59
Q

Community maintained in a preclimax state, e.g. by fire, grazing or human interference.

A

Plagioclimax

60
Q

All the individuals of a particular species existing in a particular locality.

A

Population

61
Q

The act of one animal (predator) catching and consuming another (prey).

A

Predation

62
Q

The process by which green plants capture light energy from the sun through photosynthesis. Gross primary production is the total amount of energy captured. Net primary production is the fraction of gross production that remains after the organism has used energy for its maintenance - this can be used for growth.

A

Primary Production

63
Q

A square shaped piece of equipment used to define a given area whilst carrying out a survey e.g. 1 meter quadrat is a wooden or metal or string square 1 meter by 1 meter.

A

Quadrat

64
Q

A commodity that is used by an organism and can therefore be in short supply and the subject of competition. Eg. Food, light, space.

A

Resources

65
Q

One of the basic units of biological classification in taxonomy. Usually defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. This mostly works but sometimes the definition can be less distinct and similarity of DNA, morphology or ecological niche may be more appropriate. Presence of specific locally adapted traits may further subdivide species into subspecies.

A

Species

66
Q

Pores on the surface of plant leaves or stems used for gaseous exchange.

A

Stomata

67
Q

The gradual change and development of an ecosystem over time.
Primary succession starts from a bare uncolonised surface.
Secondary succession on a previously colonised substrate which may still contain plant seeds and organic matter

A

Succession

68
Q

To keep going continuously e.g. population. Sustainable development – to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations.

A

Sustainable

69
Q

The science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a hierarchical structure or classification scheme.

A

Taxonomy

70
Q

Regulating the body temperature (see Ectotherms and Endotherms).

A

Thermoregulation

71
Q

A line along which you travel whilst collecting data during a survey.

A

Transect

72
Q

An animal whose nerve cord is enclosed in a backbone of bony segments called vertebrae i.e. fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

A

Vertebrate

73
Q

Non-succulent plants with a range of adaptations making them drought tolerant.

A

Xerophytes

74
Q

Fungi developing a mutualistic association with plant roots.

A

Mycorrhiza

75
Q

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

A

Linnean System

76
Q

The history of organismal lineages as they change through time - Tree of Life

A

Phylogeny

77
Q

1) at least 1,500 vascular plants as endemics
2) 30% or less of its original natural vegetation
3) 2.3 % of the Earths land (34 locations)

A

Biodiversity hotspot

78
Q

Mineral soils - frequent or constant waterlogging

A

Gleys

79
Q

Heavy rainfall results in material being washed out and redeposited at greater depth

A

Podzols

80
Q

Pure organic soils where organic matter has accumulated because of waterlogging

A

Peat

81
Q

Free draining soils with distinct mineral/organic and mineral layers are called

A

Brown Earths

82
Q

the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per litre

A

Osmolarity

83
Q

Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in a variable external environment

A

Homeostasis

84
Q

also known as dicots, are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided.

The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group, namely that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.

A

Dicotyledons

85
Q

Produced by, or influenced by the soil.

A

Edaphic

86
Q

Organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it.

A

Epiphyte

87
Q

Climbing vine found throughout tropical rainforests. They begin life on the forest floor but depend on trees for support as they climb upwards towards the sunlight they need for survival.

A

Lianas

88
Q

Diverse in character or content.

A

Heterogeneous

89
Q

When the organisms live together in close physical association

A

Symbiotic mutualism

90
Q

Involves permanent pairings in which one or both partners cannot lead an independent life

A

Obligate mutualism

91
Q

Belonging to the same species.

A

Conspecific

92
Q

The quality or state of being diverse in character or content.

A

Heterogeneity

93
Q

We may distinguish living from non-living things based on 6 characteristics

A
  1. having the capacity to evolve.
  2. having the ability to adapt to environmental stimuli.
  3. having a complex, organized structure based on organic (carbon) compounds;
  4. acquiring material and energy from their environment and converting these into different forms;
  5. actively maintaining their complex structure;
  6. growing and reproducing using a molecular blueprint (DNA);
94
Q

What human factors often influence the short-term distribution of resources needed by a specific human population?

A

social, economic and political

95
Q

Which ecological discipline investigates the physiology of individuals and considers the consequences of function and behaviour.

A

Physiological Ecology

96
Q

Which ecological discipline explores patterns of behaviour in animals

A

Behavioural Ecology

97
Q

Which ecological discipline focuses on the impact of evolution on current ecological patterns.

A

Evolutionary Ecology

98
Q

Which ecological discipline uses molecular biological techniques to investigate ecological problems.

A

Molecular Ecology

99
Q

Individuals as a subdivision used by ecologists who study

A

the response of individuals to their environment (biotic and abiotic factors) is the key area of interest

100
Q

Populations as a subdivision used by ecologists which are interested in

A

abundance and population fluctuation within a single species

101
Q

A group of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, chemistry, and genetic structure

A

Species

102
Q

Comprise of a number of species in a defined area

A

Communities

Ecologists are often interested in the composition and structure of communities and the processes which determine them.

103
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can neither be made nor destroyed and it can only be changed from one form to another

104
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

there is no loss of total energy, but there is a loss of useful energy

105
Q

Which principle states that too much or too little of any Abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population?

A

The limiting factor principle

106
Q

Ecological divisions from small to large (4)

A

Individuals, Communities, Populations, Ecosystems

107
Q

The Linnaean Systems 7 divisions:

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

108
Q

The most common way to list the taxonomic name of an organism is to use

A

binomial nomenclature which is a two name system that lists the genus and species

109
Q

If the internal level of factor is too high e.g temp the mechanism will reduce it, too low, it will increase it. This process by which the response is opposite to the signal is known as

A

Negative Feedback

110
Q

The degree of environmental variation a species can cope with is the range of

A

Tolerance

111
Q

Factors that dictate climate (8)

A
  1. Latitude
  2. Size of land mass
  3. Proximity to oceans
  4. Wind and Ocean current patterns
  5. Positions of land masses
  6. Position of mountain ranges
  7. Altitude
  8. Seasonal variation in sun and precipitation
112
Q

The major factors affecting primary production are

A

annual temperature and precipitation.

Associated parameters i.e wind, humidity, latitude, altitude and topography result in biotic regions called Biomes

113
Q

The boundaries of individual species, communities and biomes are not distinct and abrupt, but blurred and gradual

A

Ecotones

114
Q

A line on a map joining locations having the same mean temperature at a particular time of year

A

isotherm

115
Q

The upper limit of the water-holding capacity of soil is called

A

field-capacity

116
Q

Plants which grow in high salinity

A

Halophytes

117
Q

The sole energy source that can be used by green plants

A

Radiant energy

118
Q

Living biota in soil includes (4)

A

micro-organisms, fungi, nematodes and earthworms

119
Q

Plants require a range of major (macro) nutrients particularly (3)

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

120
Q

‘Other’ human related ways of nutrient loss include (3)

A

Fire, harvesting of crops and deforestation.

121
Q

Aquatic plants used dissolved carbon known as

A

Hydrosphere carbon

122
Q

Soil provides habitats with 3 systems:

A

1) nutrient delivery
2) recycling
3) waste-disposal

123
Q

The study of soil is called

A

Pedology

124
Q

Where partners may coexist without reliance on each other and are only mutualists opportunistically

A

Facultative mutualism

125
Q

Consume fleshy fruit but excrete or dispose of the seed

A

Frugivores

126
Q

Provides one partner with a degree of defence against predators or competitors

A

Defensive mutualisms

HB C in CM (9 decks)

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