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Human Systems and Anatomy > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two classes of the bones of the head

A

cranial bones
facial bones

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2
Q

what are the cranial bones

A

ethmoid
frontal
occipital
parietal
sphenoid
temperol

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3
Q

how many ethmoid bones

A

one

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4
Q

how many frontal bones

A

one

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5
Q

how many occipital bones

A

one

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6
Q

how many parietal bones

A

two

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7
Q

how many sphenoid bones

A

one

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8
Q

how many temperol bones

A

two

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9
Q

what are the facial bones

A

lacrimal
maxilla
nasal
inferior concha
palatine
vomer
zygoma
mandible

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10
Q

how many lacrimal bones

A

two

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11
Q

how many maxilla bones

A

two

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12
Q

how many nasal bones

A

two

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13
Q

how many inferior conchae

A

two

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14
Q

how many palatine bones

A

two

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15
Q

how many vomer bones

A

one

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16
Q

how many zygoma bones

A

two

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17
Q

what are the malar bones

A

the zygoma bones

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18
Q

how many mandible bones

A

one

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19
Q

what are the two major functions of the skull

A

protection of the brain and supporting the facial structure

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20
Q

what are the regions of the cranium

A

roof and base

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21
Q

what is the neurocranium

A

the cranium formed by the top part of the skull

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22
Q

what is the roof of the cranium called

A

the calvarium

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23
Q

what is the calvarium made up of

A

frontal
parietal
occipital

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24
Q

what bones make up the base of the skull

A

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
occipital
temperol
parietal

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25
Q

what is articulation

A

the joining point of the cranial bones

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26
Q

what is the viscerocranium

A

the facial skeleton

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27
Q

how many bones in the facial skeleton

A

14

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28
Q

where is the frontal bone

A

the front

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29
Q

where are the parietal bones

A

the sides above the ear

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30
Q

where is the occipital bone

A

back of the skull

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31
Q

where are the temperol bones

A

around and below the ear

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32
Q

what are cranial sutures

A

dense fibrous joints made of collagen
they allow bones to move over each other during childbirth to make it easier

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33
Q

where is the coronal suture

A

between the frontal and parietal bones

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34
Q

where is the sagittal suture

A

between the two parietal bones

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35
Q

where is the lambdoid suture

A

between the parieral bones and the occipital bone

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36
Q

where is the anterior fontanelle

A

between the developing two frontal and parietal bones

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37
Q

when does the anterior fontanelle close

A

between 18 months and two years

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38
Q

where is the posterior fontanelle

A

between the sagittal and lamdoid sutures

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39
Q

when does the posterior fontanelle close

A

6-8 weeks or two months

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40
Q

what forms the cranial base

A

ethmoid bone
frontal bone
occipital bone
sphenoid bone
temperol bone

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41
Q

what is the mastoid process

A

prominence of the temperol bone behind the ear where the neck muscles attach
contains mastoid air cells and inflammation of these can be due to middle ear infection.

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42
Q

where does the spinal cord appear

A

at the foramen magnum

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43
Q

what is the petrous

A

this is where the middle and ear canal is. it is part of the temperol bone

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44
Q

what is the foramen mangum

A

large hole in skull where the spinal cord communicates with the brain

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45
Q

where does the olfactory nerve enter the brain

A

through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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46
Q

which nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus

A

vestibulocochlear and facial nerve

47
Q

is the lacrimal bone thick

A

no it is one of the thinnest bones

48
Q

what is the zygomatic bone

A

this forms the cheek bone of the facial skeleton, and joins with the frontal bone above, the sphenoid deeply, the temperol at the side and the maxilla below and in front of it

49
Q

what is the function of the zygomatic bones

A

form a crash impact barrier of the face from primitive and developmental times

50
Q

why do the bones of the orbit sit more posteriorly at the lateral aspect

A

to widen the range of vision

51
Q

what is the top of the skull called

A

the cranial vault

52
Q

which bones make up the cranial vault

A

frontal bone
occipital bone
parietal bone
temperol bone

53
Q

what does squamous mean

A

soft

54
Q

what is the pterion

A

the weakest point of the skull, as it is where the frontal, sphenoid, temperol and parietal bones join together.
trauma to this point can lead to rupture of the blood vessels deep to that point

55
Q

which vessels are deep to the pterion

A

middle meningeal artery and vein

56
Q

what happens if there is rupture to the middle meningeal artery

A

begins with a lucid interval of a few minutes to hours, where the patient feels and appears perfectly fine.
as the dura is pressed off the skull, this causes an extra dural haemorrhage where the patient will have reduced consciousness, headaches, nausea and vomiting

57
Q

describe the roof of the orbit

A

formed by the frontal bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid

58
Q

what separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa

A

the frontal bone

59
Q

describe the floor of the orbit

A

formed by the maxilla, palatine and zygomatic bones
the maxilla separates the orbit from the ethmoid sinus

60
Q

describe the medial wall of the orbit

A

formed by the ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones
the ethmoid bone separates the orbit from the ethmoid sinus

61
Q

describe the lateral wall of the orbit

A

formed by the zygomatic bone and greater wing of the sphenoid

62
Q

describe the apex of the orbit

A

located at the opening of the optical canal, otherwise known as the optic foramen where the optic nerve enters

63
Q

describe the base of the orbit

A

opens out into the face, bounded by the eyelids
also known as the orbital rim

64
Q

what is the infraorbital foramen

A

a termination of the infraorbital nerve, maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and a little further back will be the superior alveolar nerves, which is anaesthetised a lot in dentistry

65
Q

what is the incisive canal

A

this is where the nasopalatine nerve enters to supply the central and lateral incisors, as well as the canines and the palate

66
Q

describe the brain blood supply

A

80% internal carotid
20% vertebral

67
Q

describe what the external carotid artery supplies

A

several branches supply the exterior of the head and neck

68
Q

what are the branches of the external carotid artery

A

ascending pharyngeal
superior thyroid
lingual
facial
occipital
posterior auricular
superficial temperol
maxillary

69
Q

what does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply

A

the pharynx

70
Q

what does the superior thyroid artery supply

A

thyroid gland

71
Q

what does the lingual artery supply

A

tongue
sublingual salivary gland
gingiva
oral mucosa of the floor of the mouth

72
Q

what does the facial artery supply

A

the face

73
Q

what does the occipital artery supply

A

muscles of the posterior neck and skull

74
Q

what does the posterior auricular artery supply

A

neck muscles
ear structures
external auditory meatus
tympanic cavity
tympanic membrane
semi circular canals

75
Q

what does the superficial temporal supply

A

skin and muscles at the side of the face and scalp
parotid gland
temperomandibular joint

76
Q

what does the common carotid artery arise from

A

the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side of the body, directly from the arch of the aorta

77
Q

what does the internal jugular vein do

A

drains the head and neck including the brain

78
Q

what does the ansa cervicalis do

A

supply the infra hyoid muscles

79
Q

what does the retromandibular vein drain

A

maxillary and superficial temperol veins at the side of the scalp

80
Q

what drains the face

A

the facial vein

81
Q

describe the venous drainage of the head and neck

A

the venous drainage mirrors the arterial supply
internal jugular vein drains the cerenrum, the inside of the skull and most of the external structures of the head and neck
external jugular drains some of the external structures

82
Q

what is the cavernous sinus

A

paired dural venous sinuses within the skull that is split into septae (small caves, looks like honeycomb)
it is the only part of the body where an artery passes through a venous structure, and is thought of as heat exchange between the warmer arterial blood and slightly cooler venous circulation

83
Q

where is the cavernous sinus found

A

within the middle cranial fossa on either side of the sell turcica of the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland sits

84
Q

what is CN V1

A

opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve that suppiles the upper face

85
Q

what is CN V2

A

maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve that supplies the skin over the maxilla, upper teeth.

86
Q

describe the drainage of the cavernous sinus

A

opthalmic veins
central vein of retina
superficial cerebral vein
pterygoid plexus

87
Q

what is cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

a clot in the structure that is due to an infection which spread from areas like the orbit, paranasal sinuses, or danger zone of the face

88
Q

what is the danger zone of the face

A

the bridge of the nose to the corners of the mouth

89
Q

what are the symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

headache
proptosis
photophobia
cranial nerve palsies

90
Q

which nerve is the most commonly affected by cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

abducens

91
Q

what is proptosis

A

eye bulging

92
Q

what does meningitis affect

A

dura mater

93
Q

where are the dural venous sinuses found

A

between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater

94
Q

what are the dural venous sinuses

A

collecting pools of blood which drain the central nervous system, the face and the scalp

95
Q

what do the dural venous sinuses drain into

A

internal jugular vein

96
Q

do the dural venous sinuses have valves

A

no

97
Q

where is the cerebrospinal fluid found in the spinal cord

A

the subarachnoid space

98
Q

how many venous sinuses are there

A

eleven

99
Q

what are the venous sinuses

A

main veins that drain the brain into the internal jugular vein

100
Q

label this

A
101
Q

why is the nose to the corner of the mouth considered the danger zone

A

communication of the facial vein and the opthalmic veins with deeper veins, including the cavernous sinuses occurs here
leads to risk of cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis and brain abscess

102
Q

what are pulses

A

pressure waves in arteries caused by the contraction of the left ventricle that corresponds with the heart beat

103
Q

why are pulses easily detected on superficial arteries

A

they pass over a bony prominence

104
Q

what is the normal heart rate

A

60-80bpm

105
Q

where can the facial artery pulse be palpated

A

mid way along the mandible

106
Q

where can the temperol pulse be palpated

A

in front of the temple or anterior to the ear

107
Q

describe the divisions of the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerves

A

sensory, frontal nerve
the frontal nerve divides into the supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve

108
Q

what are the divisions of the maxillary trigeminal nerve

A

sensory, zygomatic nerve
infraorbital nerve
anterior, middle and superior alveolar nerves

109
Q

describe the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

A

a mixed nerve, giving both motor and sensory innervation.
motor to the muscles of mastication
sensory to the auriculotemperol nerve, lingual nerve, buccal nerve and inferior alveolar nerve
branches also supply the mouth and nasal cavity

110
Q

what does the frankfurt line determine

A

how the mouth closes and occlusion

111
Q

what is the frankfurt plane

A

this is a line that passes from the inferior margin of the left orbit and upper margin of the external auditory meatus
provides the occlusal plane

112
Q

label this

A
113
Q

label this

A
114
Q

what are the branches of the external carotid artery

A
  • superior thyroid
  • ascending pharyngeal
  • lingual
  • facial
  • occipital
  • posterior auricular
  • superficial temporal
  • maxillary

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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