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Heart Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

Due to developmental rotation, which side of the heart lies more anteriorly?

A

Right side

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2
Q

Relative to the ventricles, where are the atria located?

A

To the right side of their respective ventricles

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3
Q

How many borders and surfaces does the heart have?

A

3 borders and 3 surfaces

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4
Q

Name the borders of the heart.

A

Right, Inferior, Left

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5
Q

Name the surfaces of the heart.

A

Anterior, Inferior, Posterior

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6
Q

The right border of the heart lies between which costal cartilages?

A

3rd to 6th right costal cartilages of the sternum margin

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7
Q

The inferior border of the heart stretches from the

A

right 6th costal cartilage to the left 5th intercostal space at midclavicular line (MCL)

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8
Q

The left border extends from the left ___ intercostal space to the ___ border of left ____ Costal cartilage, about ____ from sternum margin

A

5th intercostal space to the lower border of left 2nd costal cartilage, about 2 cm from sternum margin

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9
Q

Which anatomical landmark forms the point of attachment for the membranous part of the interventricular septum to the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

Central fibrous body

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10
Q

The central fibrous body is a key structure in what?

A

The fibrous skeleton of the heart

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11
Q

What does the central fibrous body provide a base for?

A

Tricuspid, mitral, and aortic valves

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12
Q

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

Provides structural support and electrical insulation

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13
Q

The heart is enclosed in which sac-like membrane?

A

Pericardium

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14
Q

Which chamber forms most of the base (posterior surface) of the heart?

A

Left atrium

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15
Q

Which border is formed mainly by the right atrium?

A

Right border

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16
Q

What part of the heart is closest to the anterior chest wall?

A

Right ventricle

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17
Q

The central fibrous body is involved in anchoring the ____ part of the interventricular septum.

A

Membranous

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18
Q

Elongated, extending between the SVC and IVC, what structure?

A

Right atrium

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19
Q

What structure lies to the left of the superior vena cava in the right atrium?

A

Right auricle (right atrial appendage)

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20
Q

What does the right auricle overlie?

A

Commencement of the aorta and right atrioventricular groove

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21
Q

The right auricle clasps which structure along with its left counterpart?

A

Infundibulum of the right ventricle

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22
Q

Which external groove corresponds internally to the crista terminalis?

A

Sulcus terminalis

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23
Q

Where is the sulcus terminalis located?

A

Between the SVC and the right auricle

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24
Q

What does the crista terminalis demarcate?

A

Smooth part from the rough part of the right atrium

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25
The rough part of the right atrium is formed by what structure?
Pectinate muscle
26
What is the embryological origin of the rough part of the right atrium?
Embryonic auricular chamber
27
What internal ridge marks the boundary between the sinus venarum and pectinate muscle area?
Crista terminalis
28
The right auricle lies to the _____ of the SVC.
Left
29
True or False: The right auricle lies posterior to the aorta.
False (it overlies the commencement of the aorta)
30
True or False: The smooth and rough parts of the right atrium have different embryological origins.
True
31
What structure clasps the infundibulum of the right ventricle along with the left auricle?
Right auricle
32
Where is the opening of the coronary sinus located relative to the IVC opening?
To the left of the IVC opening
33
What does the interatrial septum separate?
Right atrium from the left atrium
34
What structure represents the primary septum on the interatrial septum?
Fossa ovalis
35
What is the shape of the fossa ovalis?
Saucer-shaped
36
The fossa ovalis is located on the _____ septum.
Interatrial
37
The opening of the coronary sinus lies to the _____ of the IVC opening.
Left
38
True or False: The fossa ovalis represents the secondary septum.
False (it represents the primary septum)
39
What is located between the right coronary artery in the right atrioventricular groove and the anterior interventricular artery
Right ventricle
40
Where is the right ventricle located anatomically?
Between the right coronary artery in the right atrioventricular groove and the anterior interventricular artery
41
Muscular ridges that project from the ventricular wall into the cavity of the right ventricle are
trabeculae carneae
42
What structure attaches the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle?
Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)
43
To what are the other papillary muscles in the right ventricle connected?
Cusps of the tricuspid valve
44
What is the role of chordae tendineae?
Prevents eversion of valve cusps during ventricular contraction
45
What structure prevents the tricuspid valve from inverting during systole?
Chordae tendineae
46
What happens to the cavity of the right ventricle superiorly?
It narrows into the pulmonary trunk through the infundibulum (conus)
47
A smooth, thin-walled outflow tract leading to the pulmonary trunk is ____
Conus arteriosus or Infundibulum
48
Where are the semilunar cusps of the pulmonary valve attached? Junction between ____ and _____
At the junction between the infundibulum and the pulmonary trunk
49
The right ventricle is bounded by the ______ artery in the AV groove and the ______ artery in the anterior IV groove.
Right coronary, anterior interventricular
50
The _____ muscle is connected to the interventriucular septum via the septomarginal trabecula.
Anterior papillary
51
Chordae tendineae connect papillary muscles to the ______.
Cusps of the tricuspid valve
52
The _____ is the outflow tract of the right ventricle.
Infundibulum (Conus arteriosus)
53
The infundibulum is muscular and thick-walled.
False
54
Where is the left atrium located relative to the right atrium?
Behind the right atrium
55
___ forms the base of the heart
Left atrium
56
What structure marks the upper border of the left atrium?
Left auricle (left atrial appendage)
57
The left auricle curves to the ____ on the _____ of ____
To the front on the left of the infundibulum
58
How many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium?
Four (two from each lung)
59
What part of the left atrium is trabeculated?
Auricular part
60
The cavity of left atrium is ____
Smooth-walled
61
What is the left atrium's communication with the left ventricle?
Through the mitral valve
62
How many cusps does the mitral valve have?
Two
63
What does the anterior cusp of the mitral valve demarcate?
The left atrioventricular orifice from the aortic orifice
64
____ demarcates the left atrioventricular orifice from the aortic orifice
Anterior cusp of mitral valve
65
How much thicker is the wall of the left ventricle compared to the right ventricle?
Three times thicker
66
Which structures in the left ventricle are better developed compared to the right ventricle?
Trabeculae carneae
67
What is the connection between the papillary muscles and the mitral valve cusps?
Chordae tendineae
68
What part of the interventricular septum bulges into the right ventricle?
Muscular part
69
What is characteristic of the membranous part of the interventricular septum?
Smooth, thin, and fibrous
70
What forms the boundary of the aortic opening in the left ventricle?
Membranous part of the interventricular septum alongside the anterior cusp of the mitral valve
71
True or False: The left atrium is located anterior to the right atrium.
False (it is located behind the right atrium)
72
True or False: The trabeculae carneae are better developed in the right ventricle than in the left ventricle.
False (they are better developed in the left ventricle)
73
What vessels are invested by the serous pericardium?
Great vessels: Pulmonary trunk, aorta, pulmonary veins, IVC, SVC
74
Which layer of serous pericardium covers the pulmonary trunk and aorta?
Visceral layer
75
Which great vessels share the same serous pericardial sleeve?
Pulmonary veins, IVC, SVC
76
Which is shorter: the IVC or the SVC?
IVC
77
What forms the aortic sinuses?
Bulges of the ascending aorta on each cusp
78
From which sinus does the right coronary artery emerge?
Anterior sinus
79
From which sinus does the left coronary artery emerge?
Left posterior sinus
80
How does the ascending aorta run superiorly?
To the right behind the infundibulum
81
Which great vessel starts slightly higher than the aorta?
Pulmonary trunk
82
Describe the course of the pulmonary trunk.
Runs to the left and posterior to the ascending aorta
83
Where does the pulmonary trunk divide?
In the concavity of the aortic arch anterior to the left main bronchus
84
What are the sources of the heart's blood supply?
Right and left coronary arteries
85
Do coronary arteries supply distinct regions or overlap?
Both; they supply corresponding right and left sides with overlap
86
Where does the right coronary artery run?
Atrioventricular groove (coronary sulcus), turns backward at inferior border running posteriorly
87
What branches does the right coronary artery give? (6)
Conus, SA nodal, right marginal, posterior interventricular, AV nodal, right posterolateral
88
With which artery does the right coronary artery anastomose terminally?
Circumflex artery of the left coronary artery
89
From where does the left coronary artery emerge?
Left posterior aortic sinus
90
Between which structures does the left coronary artery emerge?
Left auricle and infundibulum
91
What are the two main branches of the left coronary artery?
Circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery
92
What are the branches of the anterior interventricular artery?
Conus and diagonal arteries
93
Do coronary arteries have anastomoses?
Yes, they anastomose freely
94
Which vessel drains most of the venous blood of the heart?
Coronary sinus
95
Where does the coronary sinus empty?
Right atrium
96
Which veins drain into the coronary sinus? (5)
Great cardiac, middle cardiac, small cardiac, posterior vein of left ventricle, oblique vein of left atrium
97
Which veins drain directly into the right atrium?
Anterior cardiac and right marginal veins
98
Which veins drain all four heart chambers?
Venae cordis minimae

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