Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cardio Final > Heart Failure > Flashcards

Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

Define Heart Failure

A

Usually progressive clinical syndrome that develops when the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the tissues or can do so only at elevated filling pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heart failure starts out

A

As an outcome of multiple disease

It begins only when you put your heart under some type of stress (exercise, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acute HF is caused by:

A

hemodynamic stress

  • Fluid overload
  • Acute valvular dysfunction
  • A large MI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chronic HF is caused by:

A

Ischemic Heart Disease

Chronic work overload (hypertension, valve disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Intrinsic cardiac mechanisms include

A

Specifically occur with the heart

- Frank-Starling and strecth of the right atrial wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Extrinsic cardiac mechanisms include:

A

Things that occur outside the body that causes changes to the heart (rate and contraction)
- Autonomic Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

IHD leads to

A

cardiac function impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HTN leads to

A

Increased wrokload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

IHD and HTN both lead to

A

activation of compensatory mechanisms to amintain arterial pressure and perfusion of vital organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Frank-Starling mechanism

A

Increased filling volumes dilate the heart and increase cross-bridge formation within the sarcomeres which leads to enhanced contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Myocardial adaptations

A

Hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling (caused by hypertrophy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What promotes ventricular remodeling?

A

IHD due to fibrosis production in the heart where the dead tissues is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Activation of neurohumoral systems

A

Release of NE causes increased HR and augments myocardial contractility and resistance
Activation of RAAS
Release of atrial natiuretic peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Compensatory mechanisms are:

A

initially adequate to maintain normal cardiac output but later they become overwhelmed leading to cardiac dysfucn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pathological changes that occur as a result of adaptive changes cause:

A

Functional and structural problems such as myocyte apoptosis, cytoskeletal alterations, and fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Frank Starling Mechanisms Limitations

A

There is only so much increase in right atrial pressure or end diastolic volume that will increase the cardiac output and for a while this is linear but eventually it will plateau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Myocardial Hypertrophy

A 
Myocyte size increase
Protein synthesis increase
Enlarged nuclei
Numerous mitochondria (need more energy)
Increase in DNA ploidy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can cause Myocardial Hypertrophy?

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure
Volume overload
Activation of beta adrenergic receptors (catecholamine stimulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pressure Overload hypertrophy + Myocardial Hypertrophy

A

Cause increase in wall thickness
New sarcomeres are assembled in parallel
- Thicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Volume Overload hypertrophy + Myocardial Hypertrophy

A

Ventricular dilation occurs
New sarcomeres assemble in response to volume and are in series with current ones
-Heavier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

HTN =

A

Pressure overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Valvular disease =

A

Pressure and/or volume overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MI =

A

Regional dysfunction with volume overload

24
Q

Cardiac dysfunction occurs via

A

Abnormal myocardial metabolism
Alteration of intracellular Ca
Apoptosis of myocytes
Reprogramming of gene expression (miRNA)

25
Why are miRNA important
They regulate the expression of other genes
26
Myocardial Hypertrophy prognosis
Increased heart mass is correlated with increase cardiac mortality and morbidity - Usually involves increased mass but not increased vessels so there is a lack of perfusion
27
More catecholamines produced leads to
More stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors in the heart which leads to vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow to the limbs
28
Define Systolic Dysfunction
Progressive deterioration of myocardial contractile function | - IHD
29
Diastolic dysfunction
Incapability of the heart chamber to expand and fill sufficiently during diastole - Pericarditis
30
HF with a depressed ejection fraction =
Systolic failure
31
HF with a preserved ejection fraction =
Diastolic failure
32
Define Forward Failure
Decreased cardiac output and tissue perfusion
33
Define Backward failure
Congestion in the venous system
34
Left ventricular dysfunction leads to
Tissue hypoperfusion
35
Right ventricular dysfunction leads to
Venous congestion so low blood oxygenation bc the blood cannot get to the lungs and out to the tissues
36
LSHF symptoms
May be quite subtle and often related to pulmonary congestion and edema (cough and dyspnea) Fatigue Decreased kidney perfusion (increased RAAS) Pre-renal azotemia
37
Define Orthopnea
Dyspnea occuring when laying down or leaning back | Redistribution of fluids from the splanchnic circulation and lower extremities into the central circulation
38
Increase in pulmonary capillary pressure seen with orthopnea is bad because:
It will lead to leakage of the fluid to other parts of the body
39
Define Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Acute episodes of severe SOB and coughing | Occurs at night and awakens the patient from sleep
40
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea Patho
Increased pressure in the bronchial arteries leading to airway compression, along with interstitial pulmonary edema that increases airway resistance
41
Afib =
Arrhythmia characterized by uncoordinated, chaotic contraction of the atrium Stasis increases risk of thrombosis and TE stroke
42
RSHF shows as
``` Hepatosplenomegaly Peripheral edema Pleural effusion Ascites Venous congestion (kidney azotemia, brain encepthalopathy) ```
43
Define Ascites
Accumulation of flluid in the peripheral cavity caused by congestion in the venous system which leads to increased hydrostatic pressure and fluid being pushed into open cavities of the body (edema)
44
Pleural effusion leads to
Dyspnea bc the fluid accumulation leads to compression of the lung parenchyma
45
Define Jugular venous pulsation
RSHF | Push on the abdomen and there will be increased pressure in the neck which leads to elevation of this muscle
46
GI Symptoms of HF
Anorexia, nausea, early satiety bc ab pain Right upper quadrant pain Edema of bowel wall or congested liver
47
Cerebral symptoms of HF
Confusion Disorientation Sleep and mood distrubances Nocturia and insomnia
48
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
Associated with low cardiac output Caused by diminished sensitivity of the repiratory center to PCo2 - This means the patient is about to die and shows as phases of intense breathing, rest, and repeat
49
Physical Exam findings for HF patients
Reduced systolic BP due to LV dysfunction Reduced pulse pressure due to reduced stroke volume Sinus tachycardia (adrenergic activity) Cool extremities and peripheral cyanosis (adrenergic activity) Pulmonary crackles Plural effusion Cardiomegaly Murmurs of bi and tricuspid valvues Hepatomegaly Ascites, Jaundice, peripheral edema and pigmented skin
50
LSHF Symptoms
``` Coughing SOB Tiredness Pulmonary congestion and pressure Pulmonary edema ```
51
RSHF
Pleural effusion Ascites Enlarged veins in the abdomen Peripheral edema
52
Cardiogenic Shock and Cardiogenic PE
Severe LV dysfunction leading to congestion and hypoperfusion Decreased cardiac index and systolic hypotension
53
CS and Cardiogenic PE Causes
``` Acute MI/ischemia bc of LV failure, papillary muscle/chordal rupture with severe mitral regurgitation Wall rupture + tamponade Acute myocarditis PE (RSHF) Severe Valvular HD ```
54
Define Tamponade
Blood accumulates in the pericardium which causes acute LSHF bc the heart cannot expand (diastolic)
55
Systolic Myocardial Dysfunction leads to
Decreased cardiac output Decreased stroke volume which can lead to (1) hypotension which decreases coronary perfusion pressure and causes ischemic or (2) decreased systemic perfusion which leads to compensatory vasoconstriction (both then lead to progessive myocardial dysfunction and death)
56
Diastolic myocardial dysfunction leads to
Increase LVEDP and pulmonary congestion which leads to hypoxemia which ultimately causes ischemia --> progressive dysfunction and death
57
HF + MI
There is already ischemia from the MI so now if they have systolic/diastolic dysfunction then there is even more ischemia

Cardio Final (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions